All coffee types decrease the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in chronic liver disease: a UK Biobank study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low to middle-income countries with high disease burden and limited treatment availability. Coffee consumption has been linked with lower rates of CLD, but little is known about the effects of different coffee types, which vary in chemical composition. This study aimed to investigate associations of coffee consumption, including decaffeinated, instant and ground coffee, with chronic liver disease outcomes. METHODS: A total of 494,585 UK Biobank participants with known coffee consumption and electronic linkage to hospital, death and cancer records were included in this study. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of incident CLD, incident CLD or steatosis, incident hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death from CLD according to coffee consumption of any type as well as for decaffeinated, instant and ground coffee individually. RESULTS: Among 384,818 coffee drinkers and 109,767 non-coffee drinkers, there were 3600 cases of CLD, 5439 cases of CLD or steatosis, 184 cases of HCC and 301 deaths from CLD during a median follow-up of 10.7 years. Compared to non-coffee drinkers, coffee drinkers had lower adjusted HRs of CLD (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.72-0.86), CLD or steatosis (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.75-0.86), death from CLD (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.39-0.67) and HCC (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.54-1.19). The associations for decaffeinated, instant and ground coffee individually were similar to all types combined. CONCLUSION: The finding that all types of coffee are protective against CLD is significant given the increasing incidence of CLD worldwide and the potential of coffee as an intervention to prevent CLD onset or progression.
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In prospective observational studies, coffee consumption was inversely related to death from chronic liver disease and HCC.
“In addition, in prospective observational studies, coffee consumption was inversely related to death from chronic liver disease and HCC. 341,342”
From EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). (2024) · cites this paper as [341]
The Results report an inverse association between coffee consumption and death from chronic liver disease. The Methods (Outcome ascertainment) and Results distinguish that mortality outcome from incident HCC; they do not report a separate association with death from HCC. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Kennedy, O. J., Fallowfield, J. A., Poole, R., Hayes, P. C., Parkes, J., & Roderick, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Centre for Inflammation Research (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kennedy, Oliver J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2021-06-22
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 970-970
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8218514
- OpenAlex
- W3175254598
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 5.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MC_PC_17228)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, chronic liver disease, decaffeinated coffee, instant coffee, ground coffee, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic steatosis, liver disease mortality, liver disease prevention
- MeSH terms
- Coffee, United Kingdom, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver Neoplasms, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Biological Specimen Banks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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