Prenatal listening to songs composed for pregnancy and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a pilot study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Prenatal anxiety and depression are distressing for the expectant mother and can have adverse effects on her fetus and subsequently, her child. This study aimed to determine whether listening to specially composed songs would be an effective intervention for reducing symptoms of prenatal anxiety and depression. METHODS: Pregnant women were recruited online and randomly assigned to one of two groups: the music group (daily listening to specially composed songs) or control group (daily relaxation) for 12 weeks each. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess symptoms of State and Trait anxiety (Spielberger) and depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)). Trait anxiety was measured as the primary outcome, while State anxiety and depression were the secondary outcomes. 111 participants were randomised to each group. 20 participants in the intervention group and 16 participants in the active control group completed the study. RESULTS: The music group demonstrated lower Trait Anxiety (p = .0001) (effect size 0.80), State Anxiety (p = .02) (effect size 0.64), and EPDS (p = .002) (effect size 0.92) scores at week 12 compared to baseline, by paired t test. There were no such changes in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Though this pilot study had high levels of attrition, the results do suggest that regular listening to relaxing music should be explored further as an effective non-pharmacological means for reducing prenatal anxiety and depression. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02776293 LV-001. Registered 17 May 2016. Retrospectively registered.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous studies highlight relaxing and mood improving effects of listening to music and singing during pregnancy.
“These results are in accordance with previous studies highlighting relaxing and mood improving effects of listening to music and singing during pregnancy [9, 10, 26, 63].”
From The effects of a music and singing intervention during pregnancy on maternal well-being and mother-infant bonding: a randomised, controlled study. (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
Antenatal maternal stress and long‐term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why?
Talge, N. M., Neal, C., Glover, V., & the Early Stress, T. R. A. P. S. N. F. A. N. E. O. C. A. A. M. H. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01714.x · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
Self-citationMusic and emotion: theory and research
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-0198 · Cited by 1,298 · see citing works
Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years
O'Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., Beveridge, M., & Glover, V. (2002) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.6.502 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Self-citationScreening for depression during pregnancy with the edinburgh depression scale (EDDS)
Murray, D., & Cox, J. L. (1990) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839008403615 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; what needs to be done
Glover, V. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.017 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence, Course, and Risk Factors for Antenatal Anxiety and Depression
Lee, A. M., Lam, S. K., Sze Mun Lau, S. M., Chong, C. S. Y., Chui, H. W., & Fong, D. Y. T. (2007) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000287065.59491.70 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Juslin, P. N., & SLOBODA, J. A. (2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192631886.001.0001 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Relaxation training for anxiety: a ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis
Manzoni, G. M., Pagnini, F., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-41 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology
O'Donnell, K. J., Glover, V., Barker, E. D., & O'Connor, T. G. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000029 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Self-citationMothers' anxiety during pregnancy is associated with asthma in their children
Cookson, H., Granell, R., Joinson, C. J., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., & Henderson, A. J. (2009) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.042 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Klainin‐Yobas, P., Oo, W. N., Yew, P. Y. S., & Lau, Y. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.997191 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Prenatal maternal anxiety predicts reduced adaptive immunity in infants
O’Connor, T. G., Winter, M. A., Hunn, J. E., Carnahan, J. A., Pressman, E. K., Glover, V. A. S., Robertson‐Blackmore, E., Moynihan, J. A., Lee, F. E.-H., & Caserta, M. T. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.02.002 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationCortisol and anxiety response to a relaxing intervention on pregnant women awaiting amniocentesis
Ventura, T., Gomes, M. C., & Carreira, T. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.016 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The effects of acute relaxation on indices of anxiety during pregnancy
Teixeira, J., Martin, D., Prendiville, O., & Glover, V. A. S. (2005) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/01674820500139922 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationChikahisa, S., Séi, H., Morishima, M., Sano, A., Kitaoka, K., Nakaya, Y., & Morita, Y. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.01.021 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Thoma, M. V., Zemp, M., Kreienbühl, L., Hofer, D., Schmidlin, P. R., Attin, T., Ehlert, U., & Nater, U. M. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-014-9439-x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Maternal anxiety at amniocentesis and plasma cortisol
Sarkar, P., Bergman, K., Fisk, N. M., & Glover, V. A. S. (2006) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.1444 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Limerick Lullaby project: An intervention to relieve prenatal stress
Carolan, M., Barry, M., Gamble, M., Turner, K., & Mascareñas, Ó. (2012) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.12.006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kim, C., Lee, S.-C., Shin, J. W., Chung, K.-J., Lee, S.-H., Shin, M., Baek, S.-B., Sung, Y.-H., Kim, C., & Kim, K. H. (2013) · International Neurourology Journal · doi:10.5213/inj.2013.17.3.107 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Neuroplasticity Changes of Rat Brain by Musical Stimuli during Fetal Period.
Sheikhi, S., & Saboory, E. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.22074/cellj.2015.490 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 22 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Glover, V., O'Donnell, K. J., O'Connor, T. G., & Fisher, J. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941800038x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of music therapy on depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Tang, Q., Huang, Z., Zhou, H., & Ye, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240862 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Wulff, V., Hepp, P., Wolf, O. T., Balan, P., Hagenbeck, C., Fehm, T., & Schaal, N. K. (2021) · Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-020-05727-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Smith, C. A., Shewamene, Z., Galbally, M., Schmied, V. A., & Dahlen, H. G. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.054 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Harney, C., Johnson, J., Bailes, F., & Havelka, J. (2022) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/10298649211046979 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The effect of music, massage, yoga and exercise on antenatal depression: A meta-analysis
Zhu, Y., Wang, R., Tang, X., Li, Q., Xu, G., & Zhang, A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.122 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Robinson, R., Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M., Heinonen, K., Reynolds, R. M., & Räikkönen, K. (2018) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-018-0173-y · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Estrella‐Juarez, F., Requena, M., García‐González, J., López-Villén, A., & Alarcón, R. (2022) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13413 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lin, C.-J., Chang, Y.-C., Chang, Y.-H., Hsiao, Y.-H., Lin, H.-H., Liu, S.-J., Chao, C.-A., Wang, H., & Yeh, T.-L. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8111884 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Group art therapy for the management of fear of childbirth
Sezen, C., & Ünsalver, B. Ö. (2018) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2018.11.007 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Fancourt, D. E., & Perkins, R. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021251 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bauer, I., Hartkopf, J., Kullmann, S., Schleger, F., Hallschmid, M., Pauluschke‐Fröhlich, J., Fritsche, A., & Preissl, H. T. (2020) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000658 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Interventions among Pregnant Women in the Field of Music Therapy: A Systematic Review
Shimada, B. M. O., dos Santos, M. D. S. O. M., Cabral, M. A., Silva, V. O., & Vagetti, G. C. (2021) · Revista Brasileira Ginecologia e Obstetrícia · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1731924 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Wulff, V., Hepp, P. G., Wolf, O. T., Fehm, T. N., & Schaal, N. K. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03933-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Çatalgöl, Ş., & Turfan, E. Ç. (2021) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2021.1944150 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Music-based interventions to improve fibromyalgia syndrome: A meta-analysis
Wang, M., Yi, G., Gao, H., Wu, B., & Zhou, Y. (2020) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2020.05.012 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dağlı, E., & Çelik, N. (2021) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2021.1947286 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
OKYAY, E. K., & Uçar, T. (2023) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2023.04.027 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Russo, C., Patanè, M., Pellitteri, R., Stanzani, S., & Russo, A. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.10084 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Maul, J., Behnam, S., Wimberger, P., Henrich, W., & Arabin, B. (2024) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2024.101400 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rezaei, N., Keshavarz, M., Pezaro, S., Sarvi, F., Eshraghi, N., & Bekhradi, R. (2023) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2023.102307 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The effect of music played to new birth mothers on postpartum blues: A randomized controlled trial
Küçükkaya, B., Can, İ., & Güler, G. (2024) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bauer, I., Hartkopf, J., Wikström, A., Schaal, N. K., Preissl, H. T., Derntl, B., & Schleger, F. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04099-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effect of music intervention on perinatal depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis
Sun, X., Wang, R., Cong, S., Fan, X., Sha, L., Feng, J., Xie, H., Han, J., Ni, S., & Zhang, A. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.08.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The effect of music intervention on depression in perinatal women: A systematic review
Han, J., Cong, S., Sun, X., Xie, H., Ni, S., Wu, Y., Wang, M., & Zhang, A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38476 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhou, L., Zhang, Y., Tian, Y., Fu, X., Wang, L., & Xie, C. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036268 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
BALTACI, N., Yüksekol, Ö. D., Koç, E., & Ulucan, M. (2023) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2023.2196510 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Music therapy for depression: A narrative review
Wang, X., Huang, W., Liu, S., He, C., Wu, H. Y., Cheng, L., & Deng, S. (2024) · Brain‐X · doi:10.1002/brx2.72 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sanfilippo, K. R. M., de l’Etoile, S. K., & Trehub, S. E. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197535011.003.0002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effect of Music Therapy on Anxiety in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Shafqat, N., Agrawal, A., Pushpalatha, K., Singh, B., Verma, R., Podder, L., Das, S., & Sutar, R. F. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.69066 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lippi, I. C. D. C., Caldara, F. R., Morais, H. B., Vargas, L. B., Odakura, A. M., Burbarelli, M. F. D. C., Félix, G. A., Garcia, R. G., Paz, I. C. D. L. A., & dos Santos, L. S. (2023) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2023.2215930 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Arioli, M., Consales, A., Melissa., S., Mastroianni, I., Giannì, M. L., Colombo, L., Giovannini, N., Sacchi, C., & Cassia, V. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1553946 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Değirmenci, F., Kisaçam, K. P. A., & YILMAZ, D. V. (2025) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.70034 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Maternal music exposure during pregnancy influences reflexive motor behaviors in mice offspring
Bidari, S., Zendehdel, M., Hassanpour, S., & Rahmani, B. (2023) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.10285 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Music therapy – an alternative form supporting the quality of mother and baby care
Dombrowska-Pali, A., Gebuza, G., Kaźmierczak, M., Gierszewska, M., & Mieczkowska, E. (2018) · Pediatria Polska · doi:10.5114/polp.2018.77999 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jyoti, Babu, M., Shokanda, S., & Pareek, S. (2022) · Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research · doi:10.4103/kleuhsj.kleuhsj_178_21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Influence of music therapy on the telomere length: a brief review and a pilot study
Spivak, I., Smirnova, T., Urazova, A., Runov, A., Vasilishina, A., Kropotov, A., & Spivak, D. (2019) · Biologija · doi:10.6001/biologija.v64i4.3902 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lederman, R. P., & Weis, K. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45738-9_11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Music-listening to support the childbirth experience
McCaffrey, T., Cheung, P. S., & Tighe, S. M. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863287.003.0008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The role of music in perinatal mental health, with a psychoneuroimmunological perspective
Kuri, K., Bind, R. H., & Rebecchini, L. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101092 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effect of murrattal recitation of Qur'an Muri-Q to anxiety of pregnant in the third trimester
Setiawati, I., Qomari, S. N., & Soliha, S. (2022) · International Journal of Health Science and Technology · doi:10.31101/ijhst.v4i1.2510 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aisyah, R. D., Suparni, S., & Fitriyani, F. (2019) · STRADA JURNAL ILMIAH KESEHATAN · doi:10.30994/sjik.v8i2.218 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ANSIEDADE PRÉ-NATAL E SEUS IMPACTOS NA PROGRAMAÇÃO FETAL
Gomes, G. F., Fukushima, A. R., & Nicoletti, M. A. (2022) · Revista Intertox de Toxicologia Risco Ambiental e Sociedade · doi:10.22280/revintervol15ed2.512 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mary, M., Kramer, B. E., Daggula, K., He, A., Clifford, S., Stierman, E. K., Spielman, K. L., Manandhar, P., & Creanga, A. A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0339337 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neto, E. M., de Melo, A. M. D., Neves, A. B. C. S., Neves, I. C. S., Sampaio, J. A. A., Petrônio, C. N. V., Telles, M. V. L., & Malheiro, D. R. (2018) · ID on line REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.14295/idonline.v12i40.1182 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fitriahadi, E., & Herfanda, E. (2023) · Community Empowerment · doi:10.31603/ce.10278 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring the Use of Integrative Therapies during Pregnancy
Nelson, T. (2018) · The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University)
Hanafi, M., Muhammad, F., Wiyono, N., & Saptiwi, B. (2019) · Jurnal Riset Kesehatan · doi:10.31983/jrk.v8i2.5119
Anxiety and Depression Among Pregnant Women in Plain and Plateaus Areas: A Cross-sectional StudyPreprint
Chen, J.-B., Zou, Q.-J., Jiang, C., Huang, J.-M., Liu, X.-C., Zhou, J.-H., Ding, S., Wang, G., & Yao, S. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-99089/v1
Bauer, I., Hartkopf, J., Wikström, A., Schaal, N. K., Preissl, H. T., Derntl, B., & Schleger, F. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/sw93m
Peng, S., Xie, Z., Zhang, X., Xie, C., Kang, J., Yuan, H., Xu, G., Zhang, X., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-536284/v1
Strange, J. (2017) · British Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1177/1359457517737743
Kelas ibu hamil dapat mewujudkan kehamilan sehat untuk mencegah stunting
Setiawati, I., & Firdaus, N. (2023) · Hayina · doi:10.31101/hayina.2968
Music and prenatal stress, anxiety, and depression
Sanfilippo, K. R. M., Stewart, L., & Glover, V. A. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863287.003.0002
Self-citationKonsam, M., Praharaj, S. K., Shetty, J., Panda, S., Vani Lakshmi, R., Kamath, A., & Sonia, R. (2024) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356241258958
Kıyak, S., & Koçoğlu, D. (2024) · Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer · doi:10.33631/sabd.1381046 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2025) · Journal of Psychology and Neuroscience · doi:10.47485//2693-2490.1119
Bauer, I., Hartkopf, J., Wikström, A.-K., Schaal, N. K., Preissl, H., Derntl, B., & Schleger, F. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16639774
How Music Listening Can Support Antepartum and Intrapartum Maternal Well-being
Chrisp, L., Putter, K. C., & Krause, A. E. (2025) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2025.2641108
Maternal Mood and Stress during Pregnancy
Glover, V. A. S. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781911623496.036
Self-citation
- Authors
- Nwebube, C., Glover, V., & Stewart, L.
- Affiliations
- Goldsmiths University of London (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Stewart, Lauren
- Venue
- BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Published
- 2017-05-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 256-256
- ISSN
- 1472-6882 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5423008
- OpenAlex
- W2613174752
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 5.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Goldsmiths (University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation (DNRF117)
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (DNRF117)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy-related medical research
- Keywords
- prenatal anxiety, antenatal depression, music listening, relaxing music, pregnancy, non-pharmacological treatment, trait anxiety, state anxiety, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, pregnant women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Music, Music Therapy, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Relaxation, Pregnant People, Pregnant Women, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
