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Cited by 58Essential Oils and Antimicrobial ActivityPhytochemical compounds biological activitiesPhytochemicals and Medicinal Plants

Antibiofilm and anticancer activities of unripe and ripe Azadirachta indica (neem) seed extracts

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Guchhait, Kartik Chandra, Manna, Tuhin, Barai, Manas, Karmakar, Monalisha, Nandi, Sourav Kumar, Jana, Debarati, Dey, Aditi, Panda, Suman +6 more·2022·BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
DOI 10.1186/s12906-022-03513-4PMC PMC8843028
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Abstract

Background: Antibiotic resistances of pathogens and breast cancer warrant the search for new alternative strategies. Phytoextracts can eradicate microbe-borne diseases as well as cancer with lower side effects compared to conventional antibiotics. Aim: Unripe and ripe Azadirachta indica (neem) seed extracts were explored as potential antibiofilm and anticancer agents in combating multidrug-resistant infectious bacteria as well as anticancer agents against the MDR breast cancer cell lines. Methods: Shed-dried neem seeds (both unripe and ripe) were pulverized and extracted using methanol. The chemical components were identified with FTIR and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Antibiofilm activity of neem seed extracts were assessed in terms of minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC), and fluorescence microscopic studies on Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae . Bacterial cells were studied by fluorescence microscopy using acridine orange/ethidium bromide as the staining agents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were evaluated to observe the antibacterial activities. Cytotoxicity of the extracts against human blood lymphocytes and the anticancer activity against drug-resistant breast cancer cell lines were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) studies. Results: 4-Ethyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-one, phthalic acid, and 2-hexyl-tetrahydro thiophane were the major compounds in unripe neem seed, whereas 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4-H-pyran-4-one and 4-ethylbenzamide were predominant in ripe neem seed. Triazine derivatives were also common for both the extracts. MBIC values of unripe and ripe neem seed extracts for S. aureus are 75 and 100 µg/mL, respectively, and for V. cholerae , they are 100 and 300 µg/mL, respectively. MBEC values of unripe and ripe seed extracts are 500 and 300 µg/mL, respectively for S. aureus and for V. cholerae the values are 700 and 500 µg/mL, respectively. Fluorescence microscopic studies at 16 and 24 h, after bacterial culture, demonstrate enhanced antibiofilm activity for the ripe seed extract than that of the unripe seeds for both the bacteria. MTT assay reveals lower cytotoxicity of both the extracts towards normal blood lymphocytes, and anticancer activity against breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) with superior activity of ripe seed extract. FACS studies further supported higher anticancer activity for ripe seed extract. Conclusions: Methanolic extract of neem seeds could substantially inhibit and eradicate biofilm along with their potent antibacterial and anticancer activities. Both the extracts showed higher antibiofilm and antibacterial activity against S. aureus (gram-positive) than V. cholerae (gram-negative). Moreover, ripe seed extract showed higher antibiofilm and anticancer activity than unripe extracts. Graphical Abstract:

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Authors
Guchhait, K. C., Manna, T., Barai, M., Karmakar, M., Nandi, S. K., Jana, D., Dey, A., Panda, S., Raul, P., Patra, A., Bhattacharya, R., Chatterjee, S., Panda, A. K., & Ghosh, C.
Affiliations
  • Vidyasagar University (IN)
  • Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute (IN)
  • Bose Institute (IN)
  • Luleå University of Technology (SE)
Corresponding author
Ghosh, Chandradipa
ORCID
Venue
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-02-14
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
42-42
ISSN
2662-7671 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12906-022-03513-4
PMC
PMC8843028
OpenAlex
W4212791459
Cited by
58
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6
FWCI
6.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • University Grant Commission, INDIA (MAY2018-350312)
  • Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (Project Number BT/PR3802/BRB/10/981/2011)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical compounds biological activities
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
Keywords
Azadirachta indica, neem seed extract, antibiofilm activity, anticancer activity, multidrug-resistant bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration, minimum biofilm eradication concentration, phytochemical composition, triazines, cytotoxicity
MeSH terms
Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Plant Extracts, Staphylococcus aureus, Biofilms, Azadirachta

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