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Cited by 61Malaria Research and ControlInsect Resistance and GeneticsDengue and Mosquito Control Research

Increasing insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in Malawi, 2011–2015

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Mzilahowa, Themba, Chiumia, Martin, Mbewe, Rex B., Uzalili, Veronica T., Luka-Banda, Madalitso, Kutengule, Anna, Mathanga, Don P., Ali, Doreen +9 more·2016·Malaria Journal
DOI 10.1186/s12936-016-1610-1PMC PMC5120501
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Susceptibility of principal Anopheles malaria vectors to common insecticides was monitored over a 5-year period across Malawi to inform and guide the national malaria control programme. METHODS: ) progeny aged 2-5 days old were tested for susceptibility, using standard WHO procedures, against pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin), carbamates (bendiocarb and propoxur), organophosphates (malathion and pirimiphos-methyl) and an organochlorine (DDT). RESULTS: Mortality of Anopheles funestus to deltamethrin, permethrin, bendiocarb and propoxur declined significantly over the 5-year (2011-2015) monitoring period. There was wide variation in susceptibility to DDT but it was not associated with time. In contrast, An. funestus exhibited 100% mortality to the organophosphates (malathion and pirimiphos-methyl) at all sites tested. There was reduced mortality of Anopheles arabiensis to deltamethrin over time though this was not statistically significant. However, mortality of An. arabiensis exposed to permethrin declined significantly over time. Anopheles arabiensis exposed to DDT were more likely to be killed if there was high ITN coverage in the mosquito collection area the previous year. There were no other associations between mosquito mortality in a bioassay and ITN coverage or IRS implementation. Mortality of An. funestus from four sites exposed to deltamethrin alone ranged from 2 to 31% and from 41 to 94% when pre-exposed to the synergist piperonyl butoxide followed by deltamethrin. For permethrin alone, mortality ranged from 2 to 13% while mortality ranged from 63 to 100% when pre-exposed to PBO. CONCLUSION: Pyrethroid resistance was detected in An. funestus and An. arabiensis populations across Malawi and has worsened over the last 5 years. New insecticides and control strategies are urgently needed to reduce the burden of malaria in Malawi.

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Authors
Mzilahowa, T., Chiumia, M., Mbewe, R. B., Uzalili, V. T., Luka-Banda, M., Kutengule, A., Mathanga, D. P., Ali, D., Chiphwanya, J., Zoya, J., Mulenga, S., Dodoli, W., Bergeson-Lockwood, J., Troell, P., Oyugi, J., Lindblade, K., & Gimnig, J. E.
Affiliations
  • Ministry of Health (MW)
  • World Health Organization - Malawi (MW)
  • United States Agency for International Development (US)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author
Mzilahowa, Themba
ORCID
Venue
Malaria Journal
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-11-22
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
563-563
ISSN
1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12936-016-1610-1
PMC
PMC5120501
OpenAlex
W2552123240
Cited by
61
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3
FWCI
4.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • US President's Malaria Initiative
  • Malaria Capacity Development Consortium (51941/IA07)
  • European Foundation Initiative into Neglected Tropical Diseases (I/85045)
  • Global Fund for the fight of TB, HIV/AIDS and Malaria (GF) round 9 (MLW-911-G08-M)
  • U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (U19AI089683)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
Keywords
insecticide resistance, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles arabiensis, pyrethroid resistance, deltamethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide, synergists, DDT, organophosphates, carbamates, insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, malaria vectors, Malawi
MeSH terms
Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Biological Assay, Female, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Larva, Malawi, Pyrethrins, Prevalence, Survival Analysis

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