Anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in South Africa
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Northern Kwazulu/Natal (KZN) Province of South Africa borders on southern Mozambique, between Swaziland and the Indian Ocean. To control malaria vectors in KZN, houses were sprayed annually with residual DDT 2 g/m 2 until 1996 when the treatment changed to deltamethrin 20–25 mg/m 2 . At Ndumu (27°02′ S, 32°19′ E) the recorded malaria incidence increased more than six‐fold between 1995 and 1999. Entomological surveys during late 1999 found mosquitoes of the Anopheles funestus group (Diptera: Culicidae) resting in sprayed houses in some sectors of Ndumu area. This very endophilic vector of malaria had been eliminated from South Africa by DDT spraying in the 1950s, leaving the less endophilic An. arabiensis Patton as the only vector of known importance in KZN. Deltamethrin‐sprayed houses at Ndumu were checked for insecticide efficacy by bioassay using susceptible An. arabiensis (laboratory‐reared) that demonstrated 100% mortality. Members of the An. funestus group from Ndumu houses (29 males, 116 females) were identified by the rDNA PCR method and four species were found: 74 An. funestus Giles sensu stricto, 34 An. parensis Gillies , seven An. rivulorum Leeson and one An. leesoni Evans. Among An. funestus s.s. females, 5.4% (4/74) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum by ELISA and PCR tests. To test for pyrethroid resistance, mosquito adults were exposed to permethrin discriminating dosage and mortality scored 24 h post‐exposure: survival rates of wild‐caught healthy males were 5/10 An. funestus , 1/9 An. rivulorum and 0/2 An. parensis; survival rates of laboratory‐reared adult progeny from 19 An. funestus females averaged 14% (after 1 h exposure to 1% permethrin 25 : 75 cis : trans on papers in WHO test kits) and 27% (after 30 min in a bottle with 25 μg permethrin 40 : 60 cis : trans). Anopheles funestus families showing > 20% survival in these two resistance test procedures numbered 5/19 and 12/19, respectively. Progeny from 15 of the families were tested on 4% DDT impregnated papers and gave 100% mortality. Finding these proportions of pyrethroid‐resistant An. funestus , associated with a malaria upsurge at Ndumu, has serious implications for malaria vector control operations in southern Africa.
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South Africa was forced to reintroduce DDT after failure of pyrethroids, due to one of the locally extinct vectors returning and having acquired pyrethroid resistance (not kdr-type) elsewhere.
“South Africa was forced to reintroduce DDT after failure of pyrethroids, due to one of the locally extinct vectors returning and having acquired pyrethroid resistance (not kdr-type) elsewhere (Hargreaves et al. 2000).”
From Global Status of DDT and Its Alternatives for Use in Vector Control to Prevent Disease (2009) · cites this paper as Hargreaves et al. 2000
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports that An. funestus reinvaded northern KwaZulu-Natal after decades of absence and was pyrethroid-resistant but fully susceptible to DDT. It says switching back to DDT *would seem* a solution, not that South Africa had already reintroduced it. It also does not establish that the mosquitoes acquired resistance elsewhere or identify their resistance mechanism as non-kdr. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Hargreaves, K., Koekemoer, L. L., Brooke, B. D., Hunt, R. H., Mthembu, J., & Coetzee, M.
- Affiliations
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Coetzee, M.
- Venue
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 181-189
- ISSN
- 0269-283X (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2915
- OpenAlex
- W2158140165
- Cited by
- 530
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 18.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- National Research Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
- Keywords
- pyrethroid resistance, permethrin, deltamethrin, malaria vectors, Anopheles arabiensis, DDT spraying, insecticide resistance, Plasmodium falciparum, malaria incidence, KwaZulu-Natal
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Southern, Animals, Anopheles, Drug Resistance, Female, Housing, Humans, Insect Control, Insecticides, Malaria, Male, Pyrethrins, Incidence
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