Social Disparities in Patient Safety in Primary Care: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Patient safety is a quality indicator for primary care and it should be based on individual needs, and not differ among different social groups. Nevertheless, the attention on social disparities in patient safety has been mainly directed towards the hospital care, often overlooking the primary care setting. Therefore, this paper aims to synthesise social disparities in patient safety in the primary care setting. METHODS: The Databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched for relevant studies published between January 1st 2006 and January 31st 2017. Papers investigating racial, gender and socioeconomic disparities in regards to administrative errors, diagnostic errors, medication errors and transition of care errors in primary care were included. No distinction in terms of participants' age was made. RESULTS: Women and black patients are more likely to experience patient safety events in primary care, although it depends on the type of disease, treatment, and healthcare service. The available literature largely describes gender and ethnic disparities in the different patient safety domains whilst income and educational level are studied to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this systematic review suggest that vulnerable social groups are likely to experience adverse patient safety events in primary care. Enhancing family doctors' awareness of these inequities is a necessary first step to tackle them and improve patient safety for all patients. Future research should focus on social disparities in patient safety using socioeconomic indicators, such as income and education.
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Some patients demand specific testing methods or treatments due to their cultural considerations that are in conflict with current guidance from their healthcare providers.
“some patients demand specific testing methods or treatments due to their cultural considerations that are in conflict with current guidance from their healthcare providers [73].”
From Toward Safer Diagnoses: A SEIPS-Based Narrative Review of Diagnostic Errors (2026) · cites this paper as [73]
The Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that patients’ culture and assertiveness could lead them to demand inappropriate prescriptions or testing. The citing sentence presents this possible explanation as an established behavior and adds a conflict with providers’ current guidance that the review does not explicitly describe. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Piccardi, C., Detollenaere, J., Vanden Bussche, P., & Willems, S.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Willems, Sara
- Venue
- International Journal for Equity in Health
- Published
- 2018-08-07
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 114-114
- ISSN
- 1475-9276 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6081855
- OpenAlex
- W2885241551
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 1.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal for Equity in Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Patient Safety and Medication Errors
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Primary Care and Health Outcomes
- Keywords
- patient safety, social disparities, primary care, racial disparities, gender disparities, ethnic disparities, diagnostic errors, medication errors, administrative errors, health disparities, socioeconomic status
- MeSH terms
- Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Primary Health Care, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Groups, Healthcare Disparities, Young Adult, Patient Safety
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