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Cited by 41Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsLipid metabolism and disorders

Prevalence of plasma lipid disorders with an emphasis on LDL cholesterol in selected countries in the Asia–Pacific region

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Lee, Zhen-Vin, Llanes, Elmer Jasper, Sukmawan, Renan, Thongtang, Nuntakorn, Ho, Huynh Quang Tri, Barter, Philip, on behalf of the Cardiovascular RISk Prevention (CRISP) in Asia Network·2021·Lipids in Health and Disease
DOI 10.1186/s12944-021-01450-8PMC PMC8051043
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Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity within the Asia-Pacific region, with the prevalence of CVD risk factors such as plasma lipid disorders increasing in many Asian countries. As members of the Cardiovascular RISk Prevention (CRISP) in Asia network, the authors have focused on plasma lipid disorders in the six countries within which they have clinical experience: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Australia. Based on country-specific national surveys, the prevalence of abnormal levels of total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C, respectively), and triglycerides (TG) are reported. An important caveat is that countries have used different thresholds to define plasma lipid disorders, making direct comparisons difficult. The prevalence of abnormal lipid levels was as follows: high total cholesterol (30.2–47.7%, thresholds: 190–213 mg/dL); high LDL-C (33.2–47.5%; thresholds: 130–135 mg/dL); low/abnormal HDL-C (22.9–72.0%; thresholds: 39–50 mg/dL); and high/abnormal TG (13.9–38.7%; thresholds: 150–177 mg/dL). Similarities and differences between country-specific guidelines for the management of plasma lipid disorders are highlighted. Based on the authors’ clinical experience, some of the possible reasons for suboptimal management of plasma lipid disorders in each country are described. Issues common to several countries include physician reluctance to prescribe high-dose and/or high-intensity statins and poor understanding of disease, treatments, and side effects among patients. Treatment costs and geographical constraints have also hampered disease management in Indonesia and the Philippines. Understanding the factors governing the prevalence of plasma lipid disorders helps enhance strategies to reduce the burden of CVD in the Asia-Pacific region.

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  • In the clinical setting, inadequate treatment to achieve LDL-C targets is a persistent issue, with physician inertia contributing to suboptimal dosing or utilisation of LLMs and their combinations.

    “In the clinical setting, inadequate treatment to achieve LDL-C targets is a persistent issue, with physician inertia contributing to suboptimal dosing or utilisation of LLMs and their combinations.74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79”

    From Interventions to improve adherence to lipid-lowering drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [75]

    The Introduction sections on lipid-lowering treatments and barriers to goal attainment report that many patients miss LDL-C targets and that physicians in several Asia–Pacific countries are reluctant to prescribe high-dose statins. They support the point about suboptimal dosing, but do not establish that physician inertia causes underuse of combinations of lipid-lowering medicines; the paper discusses combinations as guideline recommendations. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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Authors
Lee, Z.-V., Llanes, E. J., Sukmawan, R., Thongtang, N., Ho, H. Q. T., Barter, P., & on behalf of the Cardiovascular RISk Prevention (CRISP) in Asia Network
Affiliations
  • University Malaya Medical Centre (MY)
  • University of the Philippines Manila (PH)
  • University of Indonesia (ID)
  • Siriraj Hospital (TH)
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author
Barter, Philip
ORCID
Venue
Lipids in Health and Disease
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-04-15
Volume
20
Issue
1
Pages
33-33
ISSN
1476-511X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12944-021-01450-8
PMC
PMC8051043
OpenAlex
W3153311054
Cited by
41
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3
FWCI
1.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Lipids in Health and Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
Pfizer
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Keywords
LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, cardiovascular risk factors, prevalence, Asia-Pacific region, statin prescribing, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, cardiovascular risk prevention
MeSH terms
Hypolipidemic Agents, Asia, Humans, Cholesterol, LDL, Pacific Ocean, Prevalence, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Lipid Metabolism Disorders

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