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Cited by 237Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Education and Validation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale

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Sousa, Tiago V, Viveiros, Vânia, Chai, Maria V, Vicente, Filipe L, Jesus, Gustavo, Carnot, Maria J, Gordo, Ana C, Ferreira, Pedro L·2015·Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
DOI 10.1186/s12955-015-0244-2PMC PMC4424548
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Generalized anxiety disorder has a strong impact on health-related quality of life. For this reason, it seems relevant to develop strategies allowing early diagnoses in order to promote appropriate treatments. The objective of this study was to culturally adapt and validate the GAD-7 for the Portuguese patients with generalized anxiety disorder. METHODS: For the cultural adaptation of the Portuguese version of the GAD-7 scale we started with a previous translation made by Mapi Institute and decided to perform a clinical review followed by a cognitive debriefing with patients. Once piloted, this version was then tested in a larger sample for feasibility and reliability (1-week test-retest). Construct validity was assessed by the relationship between GAD-7 and socio-demographic and clinical variables. Its unidimensionality was tested by principal component factor analysis. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing GAD-7 scores with those obtained by HADS, and EQ-5D. STAI was mainly used as a screening indicator for patient inclusion. RESULTS: GAD-7 was considered feasible with a mean completion time of 2.3 minutes and no major floor or ceiling effects. We found an excellent Cronbach's alpha internal consistency score (0.880) and the test-retest and interclass correlation coefficients were also very good. Regarding the construct validity, younger patients, those with higher education, employed and without anxiety symptoms revealed lower GAD-7 scores, meaning better health. The unidimensionality of GAD-7 index was also confirmed by principal component factor analysis. At last, GAD-7 was significantly correlated with other health outcome indices and the classification levels created by it and by HADS showed to be dependent. CONCLUSION: The excellent metric properties confirmed the cultural adaptation and validity of GAD-7 into Portuguese population, allowing the clinicians an early detection and treatment of these patients.

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1980.
  2. de Caldas Almeida JM, Xavier M. [National epidemiological study of mental health]. Lisbon: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2013.
  3. Acquadro C, Jambon B, Ellis D, Marquis P. Language and translation issues. In: Spilker B, editor. Quality of Life and Parmacoeconomics in Clinical Trrials. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1996. p. 575–85.
  4. Acquadro C, Conway K, Giroudet C, Mear I. Linguistic Validation Manual for Health Outcome Assessments. Lyon: Mapi Institute; 2012.
  5. Lisboa JV, Augusto MG, Ferreira PL. Applied statistics to management. Porto: Vida Económica; 2012.

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Metadata

Authors
Sousa, T. V., Viveiros, V., Chai, M. V., Vicente, F. L., Jesus, G., Carnot, M. J., Gordo, A. C., & Ferreira, P. L.
Affiliations
  • Pfizer (Portugal) (PT)
  • University of Coimbra (PT)
Corresponding author
Ferreira, Pedro L
ORCID
Venue
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-04-25
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
50-50
ISSN
1477-7525 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12955-015-0244-2
PMC
PMC4424548
OpenAlex
W2116817969
Cited by
237
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
FWCI
6.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Health and Quality of Life Outcomes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Pfizer
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Keywords
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, GAD-7, generalized anxiety disorder, Portuguese translation, cultural adaptation, psychometric validation, test-retest reliability, construct validity, criterion validity, unidimensionality, early diagnosis, health-related quality of life
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Portugal, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Socioeconomic Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Principal Component Analysis

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