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The Kessler psychological distress scale: translation and validation of an Arabic version

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Easton, Scott D., Safadi, Najwa S., Wang, Yihan, Hasson, Robert G.·2017·Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

DOI 10.1186/s12955-017-0783-9PMC PMC5658946

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale has been widely used in assessing psychological distress among general and clinical populations from different cultural backgrounds. To our knowledge, however, researchers have not yet validated any translated versions in Arabic. The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of Arabic translations of the ten item (K10) and six item (K6) versions among public sector employees in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. METHODS: As part of a larger research project on life satisfaction, researchers collected data from 234 Palestinian social workers in June and July of 2016. The survey included several mental health measures, including the K10, which were translated from English to Arabic by an experienced language expert. In the current study, we tested reliability by measuring internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Next, we assessed factor structure using variance-covariance matrix with maximum likelihood estimation. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine three competing models: unidimensional K10 model, unidimensional K6 model and two-factor K6 model. Fit indices and parameter estimates were reported. Last, convergent validity was examined by assessing correlations with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and Somatic Symptoms Scale (SSS-8). RESULTS: The mean scores for the K6 and K10 were, respectively, 12.87 (SD = 4.02) and 21.8 (SD = 6.7), indicative of mild to moderate levels of distress. Scale reliability analysis showed satisfactory results on both K6 and K10 versions (Cronbach's α = .81 (K6) and .88 (K10)). Among three competing models, the two-factor K6 scale demonstrated the best model fit with high factorial correlations (r = .60, p < .001). Moreover, the K6 has high convergent validity with GAD-7 (r = .66, p < .001) and SSS-8 (r = .61, p < .001). CONCLUSION: Results indicated that the translated version of the two-factor K6 scale is a valid and reliable measurement of psychological distress. Our findings suggest that practitioners and researchers can use this instrument in screening and assessing psychological symptoms with Arabic-speaking populations.

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Review: The methods of improving cultural sensitivity of depression scales for use among global indigenous populations: a systematic scoping review — R1/PR8
Cardona, L. G., Yang, M. L., Seon, Q., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.75.pr8
Recommendation: The methods of improving cultural sensitivity of depression scales for use among global indigenous populations: a systematic scoping review — R0/PR5
Cardona, L. G., Yang, M. L., Seon, Q., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.75.pr5
Author comment: The methods of improving cultural sensitivity of depression scales for use among global indigenous populations: a systematic scoping review — R2/PR12
Mantere, O. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.75.pr12
Author comment: The methods of improving cultural sensitivity of depression scales for use among global indigenous populations: a systematic scoping review — R0/PR1
Mantere, O. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.75.pr1
Review: The methods of improving cultural sensitivity of depression scales for use among global indigenous populations: a systematic scoping review — R0/PR4
Cardona, L. G., Yang, M. L., Seon, Q., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.75.pr4
Decision: The methods of improving cultural sensitivity of depression scales for use among global indigenous populations: a systematic scoping review — R2/PR14
Cardona, L. G., Yang, M. L., Seon, Q., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.75.pr14
Review: The methods of improving cultural sensitivity of depression scales for use among global indigenous populations: a systematic scoping review — R1/PR9
Cardona, L. G., Yang, M. L., Seon, Q., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.75.pr9
Recommendation: The methods of improving cultural sensitivity of depression scales for use among global indigenous populations: a systematic scoping review — R2/PR13
Cardona, L. G., Yang, M. L., Seon, Q., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.75.pr13
Decision: The methods of improving cultural sensitivity of depression scales for use among global indigenous populations: a systematic scoping review — R0/PR6
Cardona, L. G., Yang, M. L., Seon, Q., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.75.pr6

Authors: Easton, S. D., Safadi, N. S., Wang, Y., & Hasson, R. G.
Affiliations: Boston College (US)
Al-Quds University (PS)
Corresponding author: Easton, Scott D.
ORCID: Easton, Scott D.
Safadi, Najwa S.
Wang, Yihan
Hasson, Robert G.
Venue: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-10-27
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 215-215
ISSN: 1477-7525 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12955-017-0783-9
PMC: PMC5658946
OpenAlex: W2765770230
Cited by: 237
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5
FWCI: 7.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Boston College, Office of the Provost (2016 Research Expense Grant)
Boston College, School of Social Work (2016 Research Fund)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, K10, K6, psychological distress, Arabic translation, cross-cultural adaptation, scale validation, factor structure, convergent validity, reliability statistics, public sector employees, social workers, occupied Palestinian territories, anxiety, somatic symptoms
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Translations, Reproducibility of Results, Likelihood Functions, Arabs

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The Kessler psychological distress scale: translation and validation of an Arabic version

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