CR1(+) tumor-associated macrophages orchestrate an immunosuppressive niche in hepatocellular carcinoma: a genetic and multi-omics dissection
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major global health burden and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Advanced disease is characterized by a profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and limited durable responses to therapy. However, the upstream genetic determinants that drive tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) dysfunction in HCC remain poorly defined. Using an integrative genetic and multi-omics framework, we investigated complement receptor 1 (CR1) as a candidate regulator of this immunosuppressive niche. Methods: We combined Mendelian randomization (MR) and metabolite mediation analyses with bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics to define the role of CR1 in HCC. Public datasets included the TCGA-HCC cohort, a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset comprising 53,474 high-quality cells from 21 samples, and two spatially profiled HCC sections. Clinical validation was performed in 30 paired HCC and adjacent liver tissues. Functional assays were conducted in THP-1-derived macrophages using CR1 gain- and loss-of-function approaches, phagocytosis assays, and macrophage-CD8 + T-cell co-culture experiments. Results: MR analyses implicated CR1 in HCC susceptibility at both the protein and transcript levels. pQTL analysis linked genetically predicted circulating CR1 levels to HCC risk (IVW OR = 1.403, p = 0.017), and mediation analysis identified specific metabolites as candidate intermediates. Integrative multi-omics analyses showed that CR1 was preferentially enriched in TAMs, spatially co-localized with the M2 marker CD206, and associated with reduced CD8 + T-cell infiltration, enhanced T-cell exhaustion signatures, advanced clinicopathological features, and poorer survival. In 30 paired clinical samples, CR1-high tumors exhibited increased M2-like macrophage accumulation and reduced CD8 + T-cell infiltration. Functionally, CR1 overexpression drove macrophages toward an M2-like phenotype, enhanced phagocytic activity, increased PD-L1 expression, and suppressed CD8 + T-cell proliferation as well as IFN-gamma and granzyme B production, whereas CR1 knockdown produced the opposite phenotype. Conclusions: Our study provides the first integrated genetic, spatial, and functional evidence that CR1 + TAMs constitute a clinically relevant immunoregulatory axis in HCC. These findings extend current understanding of complement-associated immunosuppression beyond canonical complement cascade activity and support CR1 as a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target for macrophage reprogramming, with potential translational relevance for combination strategies involving immune checkpoint blockade.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Microbiome analyses of blood and tissues suggest cancer diagnostic approach
Poore, G. D., Kopylova, E., Zhu, Q., Carpenter, C., Fraraccio, S., Wandro, S., Kosciolek, T., Janssen, S., Metcalf, J., Song, S. J., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2095-1 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
RetractedHighly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold
Jumper, J., Evans, R., Pritzel, A., Green, T., Figurnov, M., Ronneberger, O., Tunyasuvunakool, K., Bates, R., Žídek, A., Potapenko, A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2 · Cited by 43,764 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Three-dimensional protein structures of the key genes were retrieved from the AlphaFold database ( h t t p s : / / a l p h a f o l d . c o m / ) [42].”
Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data
Hao, Y., Hao, S., Andersen-Nissen, E., Mauck, W. M., Zheng, S., Butler, A., Lee, M. J., Wilk, A. J., Darby, C., Zagar, M., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.335331 · Cited by 15,508 · see citing works
Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony
Korsunsky, I., Millard, N., Fan, J., Slowikowski, K., Zhang, F., Wei, K., Baglaenko, Y., Brenner, M., Loh, P.-R., & Raychaudhuri, S. (2019) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0619-0 · Cited by 10,488 · see citing works
Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., & Burgess, S. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv080 · Cited by 9,816 · see citing works
Verbanck, M., Chen, C.-Y., Neale, B., & Do, R. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0099-7 · Cited by 8,591 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Horizontal pleiotropy was evaluated using the MR-Egger intercept test and the MR-PRESSO (Mendelian Randomization Pleiot-ropy RESidual Sum and Outlier) global test [40].”
AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: new docking methods, expanded force field, and Python bindings
Eberhardt, J., Santos-Martins, D., Tillack, A., & Forli, S. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00203 · Cited by 7,111 · see citing works
Aran, D., Looney, A. P., Liu, L., Wu, E., Fong, V., Hsu, A., Chak, S., Naikawadi, R. P., Wolters, P. J., Abate, A. R., et al. (2019) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-018-0276-y · Cited by 4,984 · see citing works
McGinnis, C. S., Murrow, L. M., & Gartner, Z. J. (2019) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2019.03.003 · Cited by 4,521 · see citing works
Determining cell type abundance and expression from bulk tissues with digital cytometry
Newman, A. M., Steen, C. B., Liu, C. L., Gentles, A. J., Chaudhuri, A. A., Scherer, F., Khodadoust, M. S., Esfahani, M. S., Luca, B. A., Steiner, D. F., et al. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0114-2 · Cited by 4,427 · see citing works
Giambartolomei, C., Vukcevic, D., Schadt, E. E., Franke, L., Hingorani, A. D., Wallace, C., & Plagnol, V. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004383 · Cited by 4,261 · see citing works
Võsa, U., Claringbould, A., Westra, H.-J., Bonder, M. J., Deelen, P., Zeng, B., Kirsten, H., Saha, A., Kreuzhuber, R., Yazar, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00913-z · Cited by 2,607 · see citing works
Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics
Chen, S., Saeed, A. F. U. H., Liu, Q., Jiang, Q., Xu, H., Xiao, G. G., Rao, L., & Duo, Y. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1 · Cited by 2,348 · see citing works
Kocarnik, J., Compton, K., Dean, F. E., Fu, W., Gaw, B., Harvey, J. D., Henrikson, H. J., Lu, D., Pennini, A., Xu, R., et al. (2021) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6987 · Cited by 2,155 · see citing works
Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations
Burgess, S., Smith, G. D., Davies, N. M., Dudbridge, F., Gill, D., Glymour, M. M., Hartwig, F. P., Holmes, M. V., Minelli, C., Relton, C. L., et al. (2019) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.1 · Cited by 1,816 · see citing works
Large-scale integration of the plasma proteome with genetics and disease
Ferkingstad, E., Sulem, P., Atlason, B. A., Sveinbjornsson, G., Magnusson, M. I., Styrmisdottir, E. L., Gunnarsdottir, K., Helgason, A., Oddsson, A., Halldorsson, B. V., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00978-w · Cited by 1,697 · see citing works
Advances in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma
Sangro, B., Sarobe, P., Hervás-Stubbs, S., & Melero, I. (2021) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00438-0 · Cited by 1,306 · see citing works
Tran, K. B., Lang, J. J., Compton, K., Xu, R., Acheson, A., Henrikson, H. J., Kocarnik, J., Penberthy, L., Aali, A., Abbas, Q., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01438-6 · Cited by 959 · see citing works
Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations: update for summer 2023
Burgess, S., Smith, G. D., Davies, N. M., Dudbridge, F., Gill, D., Glymour, M. M., Hartwig, F. P., Kutalik, Z., Holmes, M. V., Minelli, C., et al. (2023) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.3 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Mapping the proteo-genomic convergence of human diseases
Pietzner, M., Wheeler, E., Carrasco-Zanini, J., Cortes, A., Koprulu, M., Wörheide, M. A., Oerton, E., Cook, J., Stewart, I. D., Kerrison, N. D., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abj1541 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Functional genomic landscape of cancer-intrinsic evasion of killing by T cells
Lawson, K. A., Sousa, C. M., Zhang, X., Kim, E., Akthar, R., Caumanns, J. J., Yao, Y., Mikolajewicz, N., Ross, C., Brown, K. R., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2746-2 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Macrophage plasticity: signaling pathways, tissue repair, and regeneration
Yan, L., Wang, J., Cai, X., Liou, Y., Shen, H., Hao, J., Huang, C., Luo, G., & He, W. (2024) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.658 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Dual roles and therapeutic targeting of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor microenvironments
Xu, J., Ding, L., Mei, J., Hu, Y., Kong, X., Dai, S., Bu, T., Xiao, Q., & Ding, K. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02325-5 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Context-dependent roles of complement in cancer
Roumenina, L. T., Daugan, M. V., Petitprez, F., Sautès‐Fridman, C., & Fridman, W. H. (2019) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-019-0210-0 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Hepatocellular carcinoma: updates on epidemiology, surveillance, diagnosis and treatment
Hwang, S. Y., Danpanichkul, P., Agopian, V. G., Mehta, N., Parikh, N. D., Abou‐Alfa, G. K., Singal, A. G., & Yang, J. D. (2024) · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology · doi:10.3350/cmh.2024.0824 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Chan, S. L., Sun, H., Xu, Y., Zeng, H., El‐Serag, H. B., Lee, J. M., Schwartz, M., Finn, R. S., Seong, J., Wang, X. W., et al. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01042-6 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Germline genetic contribution to the immune landscape of cancer
Sayaman, R. W., Saad, M., Thórsson, V., Hu, D., Hendrickx, W., Roelands, J. P., Porta‐Pardo, E., Mokrab, Y., Farshidfar, F., Kirchhoff, T., et al. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.011 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Ko, J. H., Kim, H. J., Jeong, H. J., Lee, H. J., & Oh, J. Y. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.062 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: from pathogenesis to immunotherapy
Seyhan, D., Allaire, M., Fu, Y., Conti, F., Wang, X. W., Gao, B., & Lafdil, F. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-025-01308-4 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Ali, I., Wani, W. A., Saleem, K., & Wesselinova, D. W. (2012) · Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/157340613804488297 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Yin, Y., Feng, W., Chen, J., Chen, X., Wang, G., Wang, S., Xu, X., Nie, Y., Fan, D., Wu, K., et al. (2024) · Experimental Hematology and Oncology · doi:10.1186/s40164-024-00539-x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Zheng, H.-Y., Peng, X.-Q., Yang, S., Li, X., Huang, M.-Y., Wei, S.-B., Zhang, S., He, G., Liu, J., Fan, Q., et al. (2023) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-023-01356-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Almehmadi, M. A., Aljuhani, A., Al‐Raqa, S. Y., Ali, I., Rezki, N., Aouad, M. R., & Hagar, M. (2020) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129148 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Intratumoural microbiome can predict the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery
Sun, L., Ke, X., Guan, A., Jin, B., Qu, J., Wang, Y., Xu, X., Li, C., Sun, H., Xu, H., et al. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.1331 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Advances in Nanocarriers for Anticancer Drugs Delivery
Ali, I., Lone, M. N., Suhail, M., Mukhtar, S. D., & Asnin, L. D. (2016) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867323666160405111152 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Optimization of differentiation and transcriptomic profile of THP-1 cells into macrophage by PMA
Liu, T., Huang, T., Li, J., Li, A., Li, C., Huang, X., Li, D., Wang, S., & Liang, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286056 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment
Mauro, E., de Castro, T., Zeitlhoefler, M., Sung, M. W., Villanueva, A., Mazzaferro, V., & Llovet, J. M. (2025) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2025.101571 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Metabolic Reprogramming of HCC: A New Microenvironment for Immune Responses
Foglia, B., Beltrà, M., Sutti, S., & Cannito, S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24087463 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Sheta, E. S., El-Kalla, F., El-Gharib, M., Kobtan, A. A., Elhendawy, M., Abd-Elsalam, S. M., Mansour, L., & Amer, I. F. (2016) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000000688 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Ali, I., Lone, M. N., ALOthman, Z. A., & Al‐Warthan, A. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2017.03.112 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Immunometabolism of tumor-associated macrophages: A therapeutic perspective
Karimova, A. F., Khalitova, A. R., Suezov, R. V., Markov, N., Mukhamedshina, Y. O., Rizvanov, A. A., Huber, M., Simon, H., & Brichkina, A. I. (2025) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2025.115332 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ye, J., Lin, Y., Liao, Z., Gao, X., Lu, C. Y., Lu, L., Huang, J., Huang, X., Huang, S., Yu, H., et al. (2024) · npj Precision Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41698-024-00752-1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Analyses of anticancer drugs by capillary electrophoresis: a review
Ali, I., Haque, A., Wani, W. A., Saleem, K., & Za’abi, M. A. (2013) · Biomedical Chromatography · doi:10.1002/bmc.2953 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Elwan, N. M., Salem, M. L., Kobtan, A. A., El-Kalla, F., Mansour, L., Yousef, M., Al-Sabbagh, A., Zidan, A. A., & Abd-Elsalam, S. M. (2017) · Immunological Investigations · doi:10.1080/08820139.2017.1407787 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Pagadala, M. S., Sears, T. J., Wu, V. H., Pérez‐Guijarro, E., Kim, H., Castro, A., Talwar, J. V., González-Colín, C., Cao, S., Schmiedel, B. J., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38271-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Locoregional Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Patel, K. R., Menon, H., Patel, R. R., Huang, E. P., Verma, V., & Escorcia, F. E. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.47995 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Elgebaly, F., Abou-Saif, S., Elkadeem, M. Z., Helmy, A. M., Abd-Elsalam, S. M., Yousef, M., Elkhouly, R. A., Amer, I. F., & El-Demerdash, T. (2019) · Current Cancer Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1568009619666190718141647 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ghafar, M. T. A., Morad, M. A., El-Zamarany, E. A., Ziada, D. H., Soliman, H. H., Abd-Elsalam, S. M., & Salama, M. (2020) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106375 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The complement system as a target in cancer immunotherapy
Merle, N. S., & Roumenina, L. T. (2024) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202350820 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Study of Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) Gene Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients
Watany, M. M. (2017) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2017/23095.9450 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zhang, F., Jiang, Q., Cai, J., Meng, F., Tang, W., Liu, Z., Lin, X., Liu, W., Zhou, Y., Shen, X., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adp8266 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Xu, H., Li, M., Yuan, G., Nie, J., Zhang, Q., Shi, J., Liu, D., Meng, H., Dong, W., et al. (2026) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2025.10.026 · Cited by 21 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Before the advent of contemporary targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy was among the systemic treatment strategies explored for advanced malignancies, including unresectable HCC [13, 14].”
Complement regulators as novel targets for anti-cancer therapy: A comprehensive review
Saxena, R., Gottlin, E. B., Campa, M. J., He, Y.-W., & Patz, E. F. (2025) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2025.101931 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
PD-L1(+) tumor-associated macrophages induce CD8(+) T Cell exhaustion in hepatocellular carcinoma
Nosaka, T., Ohtani, M., Yamashita, J., Murata, Y., Akazawa, Y., Tanaka, T., Takahashi, K., Naito, T., Imamura, Y., Koneri, K., et al. (2025) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2025.101234 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cesano, A., Augustin, R. C., Barrea, L., Bedognetti, D., Bruno, T. C., Carturan, A., Hammer, C., Ho, W. S., Kather, J. N., Kirchhoff, T., et al. (2025) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2024-008876 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lin, Y., Ruze, R., Zhang, R., Tuergan, T., Wang, M., Tulahong, A., Zhu, D., Yuan, Z., Jiang, T., Aji, T., et al. (2024) · Liver Cancer · doi:10.1159/000542578 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Association of intratumoral microbiome diversity with hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis
Jiang, F., Dang, Y., Zhang, Z., Yan, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, J., Liu, J., & Wang, J. (2024) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00765-24 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Role of Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Their Therapeutic Potential
Bannister, M. E., Chatterjee, D. A., Shetty, S., & Patten, D. A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252313167 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Feng, Y., Han, M.-Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Sun, T., & Xu, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1575963 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pro‐ and Anti‐Inflammatory Role of Complement in Cancer
Pal, P., Wahi, P., Sahu, A., & Lal, G. (2025) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202451767 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Oliveira, C. F., de Moraes, A. G., Plácido, H. M. B. S., Signorini, N. M. D. L., Fontana, P. D., Godoy, T. D. P. B., Boldt, A. B. W., & Messias-Reason, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1519465 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wang, J., Xia, Y., Tian, B., Li, J., Li, H., Dong, H. F., Li, X., Yu, H., Zhu, Y., Ma, J., et al. (2024) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35176 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tounkara, F., Sherpally, D., Mumtaz, K., Makary, M. S., Palm, R. F., & Manne, A. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17183034 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Elhendawy, M., Abdul‐Baki, E. A., Abd-Elsalam, S. M., Hagras, M. M., Zidan, A.-A., Abdelnaby, A. Y., Watany, M. M., Elkabash, I. A., Salem, M. L., El-Shanshory, M. R., et al. (2020) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-020-05564-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Still being checked.
- Authors
- Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Ji, X., Zhao, L., Zheng, K., Yu, W., Zhang, H., Chang, H., & Liu, F.
- Affiliations
- Shandong Provincial Hospital (CN)
- Shandong University (CN)
- Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Fangfeng
- Venue
- Journal of Translational Medicine
- Published
- 2026-05-25
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 1479-5876 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W7162335162
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 64
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Translational Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis
- Keywords
- hepatocellular carcinoma, tumor-associated macrophages, complement receptor 1, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, M2 macrophage polarization, CD206, CD8+ T cell exhaustion, PD-L1, phagocytosis, complement system, genetic susceptibility, single-cell transcriptomics, spatial transcriptomics, CD8+ T cell infiltration
- MeSH terms
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages, T-Cell Exhaustion, Multiomics, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Immunosuppression Therapy, Liver Neoplasms, Macrophages, Phagocytosis, Receptors, Complement, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
