Emerging role of STING signalling in CNS injury: inflammation, autophagy, necroptosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis

Abstract

Stimulator of interferons genes (STING), which is crucial for the secretion of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines in response to cytosolic nucleic acids, plays a key role in the innate immune system. Studies have revealed the participation of the STING pathway in unregulated inflammatory processes, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). STING signalling is markedly increased in CNS injury, and STING agonists might facilitate the pathogenesis of CNS injury. However, the effects of STING-regulated signalling activation in CNS injury are not well understood. Aberrant activation of STING increases inflammatory events, type I interferon responses, and cell death. cGAS is the primary pathway that induces STING activation. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the latest findings related to STING signalling and the cGAS–STING pathway and highlight the control mechanisms and their functions in CNS injury. Furthermore, we summarize and explore the most recent advances toward obtaining an understanding of the involvement of STING signalling in programmed cell death (autophagy, necroptosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis) during CNS injury. We also review potential therapeutic agents that are capable of regulating the cGAS–STING signalling pathway, which facilitates our understanding of cGAS–STING signalling functions in CNS injury and the potential value of this signalling pathway as a treatment target.