Inhibition of human endogenous retrovirus-K by antiretroviral drugs
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are genomic sequences of retroviral origin which were believed to be integrated into germline chromosomes millions of years ago and account for nearly 8% of the human genome. Although mostly defective and inactive, some of the HERVs may be activated under certain physiological and pathological conditions. While no drugs are designed specifically targeting HERVs, there are a panel of antiretroviral drugs designed against the human immunodeficiency virus and approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). RESULTS: We determined if these antiretroviral drugs may also be effective in inhibiting HERVs. We constructed a plasmid with consensus HERV-K sequence for testing the effect of antiretroviral drugs on HERV-K. We first determined the effects of nucleoside and non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors on HERV-K by product enhanced reverse transcription assay. We found that all RT inhibitors could significantly inhibit HERV-K RT activity. To determine the effects of antiretroviral drugs on HERV-K infection and viral production, we pseudotyped HERV-K with VSV-G and used the pseudotyped HERV-K virus to infect HeLa cells. HERV-K production was measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. We found that RT inhibitors Abacavir and Zidovudine, and integrase inhibitor Raltegravir could effectively block HERV-K infection and production. However, protease inhibitors were not as effective as RT and integrase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we identified several FDA approved antiretroviral drugs that can effectively inhibit HERV-K. These antiretrovirals may open new prospects for studying HERV-K pathophysiology and potentially for exploring treatment of diseases in which HERV-K has been implicated.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Anti-retroviral reverse transcriptase inhibitors inhibit HERV-K activation in cultured cells.
“Anti-retroviral reverse transcriptase inhibitors inhibit HERV-K activation in cultured cells43”
From Pathogenic tau-induced piRNA depletion promotes neuronal death through transposable element dysregulation in neurodegenerative tauopathies (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results section, “Inhibition of HERV-K by HIV-1 RT inhibitors” (page not available), reports that abacavir and zidovudine reduced HERV-K production in cultured HeLa cells after infection with pseudotyped HERV-K. This supports inhibition in cultured cells, but the experiment tested infection and viral production, not activation of endogenous HERV-K. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Crystal structure at 3.5 A resolution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with an inhibitor
Kohlstaedt, L. A., Wang, J., Friedman, J. M., Rice, P. A., & Steitz, T. A. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1377403 · Cited by 1,914 · see citing works
HLA-B*5701 Screening for Hypersensitivity to Abacavir
Mallal, S. A., Phillips, E. J., Carosi, G., Molina, J., Workman, C., Tomažič, J., Jägel-Guedes, E., Rugină, S., Козырев, О. А., Cid, J. F., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706135 · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works
STRUCTURE-BASED INHIBITORS OF HIV-1 PROTEASE
Wlodawer, A., & Erickson, J. W. (1993) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.62.070193.002551 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Retroviral intasome assembly and inhibition of DNA strand transfer
Hare, S., Gupta, S. S., Valkov, E., Engelman, A., & Cherepanov, P. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08784 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Mechanism and fidelity of HIV reverse transcriptase.
Kati, W. M., Johnson, K. A., Jerva, L. F., & Anderson, K. S. (1992) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35706-5 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Human endogenous retrovirus-K contributes to motor neuron disease
Li, W., Lee, M.-H., Henderson, L., Tyagi, R., Bachani, M., Steiner, J., Campanac, E., Hoffman, D. A., von Geldern, G., Johnson, K., et al. (2015) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aac8201 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Self-citationSubramanian, R. P., Wildschutte, J. H., Russo, C., & Coffin, J. M. (2011) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-90 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Neurologic complications of HIV disease and their treatment.
Letendre, S. L., Ellis, R. J., Everall, I., Ances, B., Bharti, A., & McCutchan, J. A. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Ding, J., Das, K., Hsiou, Y., Sarafianos, S. G., Clark, A. D., Jacobo‐Molina, A., Tantillo, C., Hughes, S. H., & Arnold, E. (1998) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2208 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Douville, R. N., Liu, J., Rothstein, J., & Nath, A. (2010) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22149 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationReconstitution of an Infectious Human Endogenous Retrovirus
Lee, Y. N., & Bieniasz, P. D. (2007) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030010 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Dewannieux, M., Harper, F., Richaud, A., Letzelter, C., Ribet, D., Pierron, G., & Heidmann, T. (2006) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.5565706 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Structure and Function of HIV-1 Integrase
Chiu, T., & Davies, D. R. (2004) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026043388547 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Retroviral proteases and their roles in virion maturation
Konvalinka, J., Kräusslich, H.-G., & Müller, B. (2015) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.021 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Reardon, J. E. (1992) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00133a013 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Seifarth, W., Skladny, H., Krieg-Schneider, F., Reichert, A., Hehlmann, R., & Leib‐Mösch, C. (1995) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.69.10.6408-6416.1995 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Simpson, G. R., Patience, C., Löwer, R., Tönjes, R. R., Moore, H. D. M., Weiss, R. A., & Boyd, M. T. (1996) · Virology · doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0443 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bhardwaj, N., Montesion, M., Roy, F., & Coffin, J. M. (2015) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v7030939 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Towler, E. M., Gulnik, S., Bhat, T. N., et al. (1998) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi9818927 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Revisiting Monomeric HIV-1 Protease
Louis, J. M., Ishima, R., Nesheiwat, I., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209726200 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Insertional polymorphism of endogenous retrovirus HERV-K115 in schizophrenia
Otowa, T., Tochigi, M., Rogers, M. A., et al. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Geleziunas, R., Gallagher, K., Zhang, H., et al. (2003) · Antiviral chemistry & chemotherapy · doi:10.1177/095632020301400105 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Silencing of proviruses in embryonic cells: efficiency, stability and chromatin modifications
Schlesinger, S., & Goff, S. P. (2012) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2012.182 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
George, M., Schwecke, T., Beimforde, N., Höhn, O., Chudak, C., Zimmermann, A., Kurth, R., Naumann, D., & Bannert, N. (2011) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-30 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses during aging reinforces senescence
Liu, X., Liu, Z., Wu, Z., Ren, J., Fan, Y., Sun, L., Cao, G., Niu, Y., Zhang, B., Ji, Q., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.017 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, W., Samimi, H., Gamez, M., Zare, H., & Frost, B. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0194-1 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Neurological Diseases
Küry, P., Nath, A., Créange, A., Dolei, A., Marche, P. N., Gold, J., Giovannoni, G., Hartung, H., & Perron, H. (2018) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.02.007 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman endogenous retrovirus-K (HML-2): a comprehensive review
Montojo, M. G., Doucet-O’Hare, T. T., Henderson, L. J., & Nath, A. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2018.1501345 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationSafety and tolerability of Triumeq in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the Lighthouse trial
Gold, J., Rowe, D. B., Kiernan, M. C., Vucic, S., Mathers, S., van Eijk, R. P. A., Nath, A., Montojo, M. G., Norato, G., Santamaria, U. A., et al. (2019) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2019.1632899 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationEnteroviral Infection: The Forgotten Link to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?
Xue, Y. C., Feuer, R., Cashman, N. R., & Luo, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00063 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Endogenous retroviruses in development and health
Wang, J., Lu, X., Zhang, W., & Liu, G. (2023) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2023.09.006 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Inhibition of HERV-K (HML-2) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients on antiretroviral therapy
Montojo, M. G., Fathi, S., Norato, G., Smith, B., Rowe, D. B., Kiernan, M. C., Vucic, S., Mathers, S., van Eijk, R. P. A., Santamaria, U. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2021.117358 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation(2023) · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112593 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Human endogenous retrovirus K contributes to a stem cell niche in glioblastoma
Shah, A. H., Rivas, S. R., Doucet-O’Hare, T. T., Govindarajan, V., DeMarino, C., Wang, T., Ampie, L., Zhang, Y., Banasavadi‐Siddegowda, Y., Walbridge, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci167929 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSusceptibility of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type K to Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Contreras-Galindo, R., Dube, D., Fujinaga, K., Kaplan, M. H., & Markovitz, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01309-17 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K and TDP-43 Expression Bridges ALS and HIV Neuropathology
Douville, R. N., & Nath, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01986 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationRetrotransposons as a Source of DNA Damage in Neurodegeneration
Pezé-Heidsieck, E., Bonnifet, T., Znaidi, R., Ravel‐Godreuil, C., Massiani-Beaudoin, O., Joshi, R. L., & Fuchs, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.786897 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Baldwin, E. T., Götte, M., Tchesnokov, E. P., Arnold, E., Hagel, M., Nichols, C. E., Dossang, P., Lamers, M. B. A. C., Wan, P., Steinbacher, S., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2200260119 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Doucet-O’Hare, T. T., Disanza, B., DeMarino, C., Atkinson, A. L., Rosenblum, J. S., Henderson, L. J., Johnson, K. R., Kowalak, J. A., Montojo, M. G., Allen, S. J., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92223-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationExpression of HERV Genes as Possible Biomarker and Target in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Dolei, A., Ibba, G., Piu, C., & Serra, C. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20153706 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mitropoulos, K. A., Κάτσιλα, Θ., Patrinos, G. P., & Pampalakis, G. (2018) · OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2017.0183 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Already the search for anti-retrovirals that could inhibit the HERV-K has been initiated (Tyagi et al., 2017).”
Tovo, P., Rabbone, I., Tinti, D., et al. (2020) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.1080/08916934.2020.1777281 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Functional Study of the Retrotransposon-Derived Human PEG10 Protease
Golda, M., Mótyán, J. A., Mahdi, M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21072424 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Licastro, F., & Porcellini, E. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147263 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Retroviral Elements in Pathophysiology and as Therapeutic Targets for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Li, W., Pandya, D., Pasternack, N., Montojo, M. G., Henderson, L. J., Kozak, C. A., & Nath, A. (2022) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-022-01233-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationPathological manifestation of human endogenous retrovirus K in frontotemporal dementia
Phan, K., He, Y. Z., Fu, Y., Dzamko, N. L., Bhatia, S., Gold, J., Rowe, D. B., Ke, Y. D., Ittner, L. M., Hodges, J. R., et al. (2021) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-021-00060-w · Cited by 32 · see citing works
TDP-43 proteinopathy in ALS is triggered by loss of ASRGL1 and associated with HML-2 expression
Montojo, M. G., Fathi, S., Rastegar, C. T., Simula, E. R., Doucet-O’Hare, T. T., Cheng, Y.-H. H., Abrams, R. P. M., Pasternack, N., Malik, N., Bachani, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48488-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationNdhlovu, L. C., Bendall, M. L., Dwaraka, V. B., Pang, A. P. S., Dopkins, N., Carreras-Gallo, N., Smith, R. C., Nixon, D. F., & Corley, M. J. (2024) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14288 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Maze, E. A., Agit, B., Reeves, S., Hilton, D. A., Parkinson, D. B., Laraba, L., Ercolano, E., Kurian, K. M., Hanemann, C. O., Belshaw, R. D., et al. (2021) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3857 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Zheng, S. S., & Liang, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.946296 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Liu, C., Grandi, N., Palanivelu, L., Tramontano, E., & Lin, L. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12080852 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fowler, M., Theunissen, F., Carr, J. M., & Rogers, M. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03472-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Enhanced Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses, TRIM28 and SETDB1 in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Tovo, P., Davico, C., Marcotulli, D., Vitiello, B., Daprà, V., Calvi, C., Montanari, P., Carpino, A., Galliano, I., & Bergallo, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23115964 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Exploring HERV-K (HML-2) Influence in Cancer and Prospects for Therapeutic Interventions
Costa, B., & Vale, N. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241914631 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zanrè, V., Bellinato, F., Cardile, A., Passarini, C., Monticelli, J., Bella, S. D., & Menegazzi, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25031615 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tovo, P., Ribaldone, D. G., Galliano, I., Caviglia, G. P., Dini, M., Veglio, V., Calvi, C., Montanari, P., Pitoni, D., Frara, S., et al. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16101570 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Human Endogenous Retroviruses as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Simula, E. R., Jasemi, S., Cossu, D., Fais, M., Cossu, I., Chessa, V., Canu, M., & Sechi, L. A. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13040415 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Giovinazzo, A., Balestrieri, E., Petrone, V., Argaw-Denboba, A., Cipriani, C., Miele, M. T., Grelli, S., Vallebona, P. S., & Matteucci, C. (2019) · Cancer Microenvironment · doi:10.1007/s12307-019-00231-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Weber, M., Nair, V. P., Bauer, T., Sprinzl, M. F., Protzer, U., & Vincendeau, M. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10040774 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cipriani, C., Giudice, M., Petrone, V., Fanelli, M., Minutolo, A., Miele, M. T., Toschi, N., Maracchioni, C., Siracusano, M., Benvenuto, A., et al. (2022) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-022-00603-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A human endogenous retrovirus encoded protease potentially cleaves numerous cellular proteins
Rigogliuso, G., Biniossek, M. L., Goodier, J. L., Mayer, B. A., Pereira, G., Schilling, O., Meese, E. U., & Mayer, J. M. (2019) · Mobile DNA · doi:10.1186/s13100-019-0178-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Viruses and the Brain—A Relationship Prone to Trouble
Mielcarska, M. B., & Rouse, B. T. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17020203 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dolci, M., Favero, C., Tarantini, L., et al. (2020) · Medical Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/s00430-020-00662-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Endogenous Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition Attenuates TLR5-Mediated Inflammation
Dopkins, N., Singh, B., Michael, S., et al. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03280-22 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, J., Lin, J. R., Lin, J. R., et al. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.26525 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tovo, P., Marozio, L., Abbona, G., Calvi, C., Frezet, F., Gambarino, S., Dini, M., Benedetto, C., Galliano, I., & Bergallo, M. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15030710 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhao, X. O., Zong, J., Liu, Y., Aili, T., Qiu, M., Wu, J., & Hu, B. (2024) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2024.0123-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Related Endogenous Retrovirus-K Elements Harbor Distinct Protease Active Site Motifs
Turnbull, M., & Douville, R. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01577 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Niu, Y., Liu, Y., Ma, X., Liu, L., Li, S., Li, R. Q., Wang, T., Song, H., & Niu, D. (2023) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.10.004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Clinical significance of human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) in multiple myeloma progression
Masuda, Y., Ishihara, R., Murakami, Y., Watanabe, S., Asao, Y., Gotoh, N., Kasamatsu, T., Takei, H., Kobayashi, N., Saitoh, T., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s12185-022-03513-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Development of human endogenous retrovirus type K‐ related treatments for human diseases
Dai, L., Fan, J., & Qin, Z. (2024) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.29532 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kremer, D., Glanzman, R., Traboulsee, A. L., Nath, A., Groc, L., Horwitz, M. S., Göttle, P., Perron, H., Gold, J., Hartung, H., et al. (2017) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2017.05.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationNdhlovu, L. C., Bendall, M. L., Dwaraka, V. B., Pang, A. P. S., Dopkins, N., Carreras-Gallo, N., Smith, R. C., Nixon, D. F., & Corley, M. J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570422 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Proceedings of the inaugural Dark Genome Symposium: November 2022
Boeke, J. D., Burns, K. H., Chiappinelli, K. B., Classon, M., Coffin, J. M., DeCarvalho, D., Dukes, J. D., Greenbaum, B. D., Kassiotis, G., Knutson, S. K., et al. (2023) · Mobile DNA · doi:10.1186/s13100-023-00306-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationTovo, P.-A., Ribaldone, D. G., Caviglia, G. P., Calvi, C., Montanari, P., Tizzani, M., Pitoni, D., Frara, S., Tribocco, E., Gambarino, S., et al. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14030196 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A chemogenomic approach is required for effective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Pampalakis, G., Angelis, G., Zingkou, E., Vekrellis, K., & Sotiropoulou, G. (2022) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.657 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Faiq, M. A., Kumar, A., Singh, H. N., Pareek, V., & Kumar, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00190 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Anderson, P. L., Pang, A. P. S., Coyle, R. P., Schlachetzki, J. C. M., Molina, A. J. A., Bushman, L. R., Aguado, J., Hill, R. B., Liu, A., Brooks, K. M., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.26349105 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Impact of endogenous viral elements on glioma clinical phenotypes by inducing OCT4 in the host
Li, S., He, S., Xue, H., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1474492 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
HERV-K inactive or potential pathogens from within?
Khalfallah, Y., & Genge, A. L. (2021) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2021.117359 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shan, X., Li, M., Niu, Y., Wang, M., Li, Q., Liu, L., Li, S., Dong, J., Xi, H., Wang, T., et al. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115943 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ALSUntangled 45: Antiretrovirals
The ALSUntangled Group (2018) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2018.1465248 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Das, R. K., Sahoo, N., Roy, D., Xu, C., Galarza, J., Garza, M. C. M., Rodrigo, H., Duttaroy, A. K., & Roy, U. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1532318 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Predicted cellular interactors of the endogenous retrovirus-K protease enzyme
Narvey, S., Vandenakker, A., Rempel, M., & Douville, R. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Virology · doi:10.3389/fviro.2022.972156 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Petrone, V., Scutari, R., Malagnino, V., et al. (2025) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2025.105478 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 PLpro whole human proteome cleavage prediction and enrichment/depletion analysisPreprint
Prescott, L. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.462902 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A chemogenomic approach seems indispensable for effective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisPreprint
Pampalakis, G., Angelis, G., Kastana, P., Vekrellis, K., & Sotiropoulou, G. (2021) · doi:10.22541/au.161193502.21521333/v1
Drug Repurposing Patent Applications July–September 2020
Mucke, H. A. (2021) · Assay and Drug Development Technologies · doi:10.1089/adt.2020.1072
Ryoo, H. D. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733685711.793549102
Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Hematological Malignant Tumors
Li, T., Li, H., Li, L., & Li, J. (2022) · Infectious Microbes & Diseases · doi:10.1097/im9.0000000000000090
Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: integral model of pathogenesis and therapy optionsPreprint
Doroshenko, O. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1643391/v1
Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: integral model of pathogenesis and therapy optionsPreprint
Doroshenko, O. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1643391/v2
Human endogenous retroviruses are upregulated in Frontotemporal Dementia-MAPT mutation carriersPreprint
Fort‐Aznar, L., Borrego‐Écija, S., Molina‐Porcel, L., Comas‐Albertí, A., Puey, R., Gómez, A., Balasa, M., Lladó, A., Antonell, A., & Sánchez‐Valle, R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3848745/v1
Aberrant Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and SETDB1 in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa
Amianto, F., Tovo, P., Po, A., Calvi, C., Davico, C., Montanari, P., Rainò, E., Anichini, A., Vesco, S., Bechis, D., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27093755
Tomasović, A. (2025) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2025.111667
Pau, A., Galliano, I., Gambarino, S., et al. (2025) · Microbiology Research · doi:10.3390/microbiolres16060116
Potential impacts of antivirals on the virome
Jin, Y., Zhao, J., & Zuo, T. (2026) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2026.04.005
Zanella, I., Manenti, M., Cesanelli, F., Codenotti, S., Fanzani, A., Castelli, F., & Quirós-Roldán, E. (2026) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104965
Lazzari, E., Rozera, G., Pierfederici, L., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27136025
Structural Insights into Endogenous Retroviruses: Evolution and Co-Opted Functions
Lyu, C.-A., Harding, E. F., Zhang, Z., Shen, Y., Katzourakis, A., & Zhang, P. (2026) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v18101132
- Authors
- Tyagi, R., Li, W., Parades, D., Bianchet, M. A., & Nath, A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nath, Avindra
- Venue
- Retrovirology
- Published
- 2017-03-22
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-21
- ISSN
- 1742-4690 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5361811
- OpenAlex
- W2602350359
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 5.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Retrovirology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- HERV-K, antiretroviral drugs, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, abacavir, zidovudine, raltegravir, retroviral gene expression
- MeSH terms
- HeLa Cells, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Recombination, Genetic, Vesiculovirus, Endogenous Retroviruses, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
