Cited by 581Gallbladder and Bile Duct DisordersAppendicitis Diagnosis and ManagementBiliary and Gastrointestinal Fistulas

2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis

Open access
Pisano, Michele, Allievi, Niccolò, Gurusamy, Kurinchi, Borzellino, Giuseppe, Cimbanassi, Stefania, Boerna, Djamila, Coccolini, Federico, Tufo, Andrea +27 more·2020·World Journal of Emergency Surgery

Abstract

Background: Acute calculus cholecystitis (ACC) has a high incidence in the general population. The presence of several areas of uncertainty, along with the availability of new evidence, prompted the current update of the 2016 WSES (World Society of Emergency Surgery) Guidelines on ACC. Materials and methods: The WSES president appointed four members as a scientific secretariat, four members as an organization committee and four members as a scientific committee, choosing them from the expert affiliates of WSES. Relevant key questions were constructed, and the task force produced drafts of each section based on the best scientific evidence from PubMed and EMBASE Library; recommendations were developed in order to answer these key questions. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were reviewed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria (see https://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/ ). All the statements were presented, discussed and voted upon during the Consensus Conference at the 6th World Congress of the World Society of Emergency Surgery held in Nijmegen (NL) in May 2019. A revised version of the statements was voted upon via an online questionnaire until consensus was reached. Results: The pivotal role of surgery is confirmed, including in high-risk patients. When compared with the WSES 2016 guidelines, the role of gallbladder drainage is reduced, despite the considerable technical improvements available. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ELC) should be the standard of care whenever possible, even in subgroups of patients who are considered fragile, such as the elderly; those with cardiac disease, renal disease and cirrhosis; or those who are generally at high risk for surgery. Subtotal cholecystectomy is safe and represents a valuable option in cases of difficult gallbladder removal. Conclusions, knowledge gaps and research recommendations: ELC has a central role in the management of patients with ACC. The value of surgical treatment for high-risk patients should lead to a distinction between high-risk patients and patients who are not suitable for surgery. Further evidence on the role of clinical judgement and the use of clinical scores as adjunctive tools to guide treatment of high-risk patients and patients who are not suitable for surgery is required. The development of local policies for safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended.

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  • All guidelines recommended physical examinations as an essential part of the diagnostic process, preferably as the first action.

    “All guidelines recommended physical examinations as an essential part of the diagnostic process, preferably as the first action.”

    From Evaluation and mitigation of the limitations of large language models in clinical decision-making (2024) · cites this paper as [37]

    Section 1, Diagnosis of ACC (page not provided), suggests including a complete clinical examination alongside history, laboratory tests and imaging. It does not say examination should be the first action, and this single guideline does not establish what all guidelines recommend. (LLM, conf=0.87)

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. [78]Okamoto K Suzuki K Takada T Tokyo Guidelines 2018: flowchart for the management of acute cholecystitis J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2018 25 1 55 72 10.1002/jhbp.516 29045062 · DOI
  2. [95]Ball E Waters N Cooper NTC Evidence-Based Guideline on Laparoscopy in Pregnancy Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2019 11 1 5 25 31695854 PMC6822954
  3. [128]Schmidt M Søndenaa K Vetrhus M Long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of observation versus surgery for acute cholecystitis: Non-operative management is an option in some patients Scand J Gastroenterol 2011 46 10 1257 1262 10.3109/00365521.2011.598548 21736531 · DOI
  4. [151]Jang JIW Lee SSOO Song TAEJUN Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Transmural and Percutaneous Transhepatic YGAST. 2012 142 4 805 811 22245666
  5. [168]H-P. S. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine (Second Edition). V Lorian, Ed 1259 S, 371 Abb, 323 Tab Balt Angeles-Sydney Williams Wilkins J Basic Microbiol. 1986.

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Authors
Pisano, M., Allievi, N., Gurusamy, K., Borzellino, G., Cimbanassi, S., Boerna, D., Coccolini, F., Tufo, A., Di Martino, M., Leung, J., Sartelli, M., Ceresoli, M., Maier, R. V., Poiasina, E., De Angelis, N., Magnone, S., Fugazzola, P., Paolillo, C., Coimbra, R., Di Saverio, S., De Simone, B., Weber, D. G., Sakakushev, B. E., Lucianetti, A., Kirkpatrick, A. W., Fraga, G. P., Wani, I., Biffl, W. L., Chiara, O., Abu-Zidan, F., Moore, E. E., Leppäniemi, A., Kluger, Y., Catena, F., & Ansaloni, L.
Affiliations
  • Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (IT)
  • University College London (GB)
  • University of Verona (IT)
  • Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda (IT)
  • St. Antonius Ziekenhuis (NL)
  • University of Pisa (IT)
  • The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
  • University of Macerata (IT)
  • University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
  • University of Washington (US)
  • Ospedale “M. Bufalini” di Cesena (IT)
  • Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia (IT)
  • Riverside University Health System - Medical Center (US)
  • The University of Western Australia (AU)
  • Plovdiv University (BG)
  • Foothills Medical Centre (CA)
  • Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) (BR)
  • Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
  • Scripps Memorial Hospital (US)
  • Denver Health Medical Center (US)
  • Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
  • Rambam Health Care Campus (IL)
  • University of Parma (IT)
Corresponding author
Pisano, Michele
Venue
World Journal of Emergency Surgery
Published
2020-11-05
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
61-61
ISSN
1749-7922 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3096406900
Cited by
581
References
183
Citations by year
2026: 110 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 102 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 40
FWCI
30.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • World Journal of Emergency Surgery (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
  • BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
Funders
the manuscript was invited by the EiC/Editor and the EiC has agree to waive the APC
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Appendicitis Diagnosis and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Biliary and Gastrointestinal Fistulas
Keywords
acute calculous cholecystitis, gallbladder disease, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, subtotal cholecystectomy, gallbladder drainage, high-risk surgical patients, elderly patients, clinical scoring systems
MeSH terms
Cholecystectomy, Drainage, Humans, Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic, Cholecystitis, Acute

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