Children with a rare congenital genetic disorder: a systematic review of parent experiences
Open accessAbstract
Background: Caring for a child with a chronic disease may be demanding and stressful. When a child has a rare condition, the impact of care on parents is amplified due to the rarity of the diagnosis. In order to address the lack of generalized and synthesized knowledge regarding parents’ experiences of having a child with a rare genetic disorder, and give a holistic picture of these experiences, a systematic review of the available qualitative research was conducted. Methods: We performed a systematic review, including qualitative studies on parents of children with rare genetic disorders, published between 2000 and 2020. Results: The review included 33 qualitative studies. Findings were synthesized and categorized according to three main themes: Parents’ experiences with health care, Responsibilities and challenges, and Factors promoting positive experiences in parents. The findings demonstrate that parents of children with rare genetic disorders share many common challenges, despite evident differences across conditions. Conclusion: Coordinated care, and a more holistic approach in the follow up of children with rare genetic disorders is needed. International collaboration on research, diagnostics, producing scientific correct and understandable information available for health care professionals and lay people should be prioritized.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
PRISMA-P Group, Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-1 · Cited by 26,223 · see citing works
Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research: A Synthesis of Recommendations
O’Brien, B. C., Harris, I. B., Beckman, T. J., Reed, D. A., & Cook, D. A. (2014) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000388 · Cited by 12,211 · see citing works
Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews
Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-45 · Cited by 9,312 · see citing works
Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review
Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004 · Cited by 1,743 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In contrast, parents who feel they have managed to adjust positively to their child’s condition will probably be better equipped to help their child to develop a positive and strong self-image [79], in line with research showing that parents’ sense of self-efficacy in their ability to care for their child is central f…”
BackgroundBaumbusch, J., Mayer, S., & Sloan‐Yip, I. (2019) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1007/s10897-018-0294-9 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The supportive care needs of parents with a child with a rare disease: results of an online survey
Pelentsov, L. J., Fielder, A. L., Laws, T. A., & Esterman, A. J. (2016) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-016-0488-x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Cardinali, P., Migliorini, L., & Rania, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01780 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 74
- [3]Boycott KM Vanstone MR Bulman DE MacKenzie AE Rare-disease genetics in the era of next-generation sequencing: discovery to translation Nat Rev Genet 2013 14 10 681 691 10.1038/nrg3555 23999272 · DOI
- [4]Ferreira CR The burden of rare diseases Am J Med Genet A 2019 179 6 885 892 10.1002/ajmg.a.61124 30883013 · DOI
- [5]Cohen JS Biesecker BB Quality of life in rare genetic conditions: a systematic review of the literature Am J Med Genet A 2010 152 5 1136 1156 10.1002/ajmg.a.33380 PMC3113481 20425818 · DOI
- [6]Waldboth V Patch C Mahrer-Imhof R Metcalfe A Living a normal life in an extraordinary way: a systematic review investigating experiences of families of young people’s transition into adulthood when affected by a genetic and chronic childhood condition Int J Nurs Stud 2016 62 44 59 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.07.007 27450665 · DOI
- [7]Keinath MC Prior DE Prior TW Spinal muscular atrophy: mutations, testing, and clinical relevance Appl Clin Genet 2021 14 11 10.2147/TACG.S239603 33531827 PMC7846873 · DOI
- [8]Cousino MK Hazen RA Parenting stress among caregivers of children with chronic illness: a systematic review J Pediatr Psychol 2013 38 8 809 828 10.1093/jpepsy/jst049 23843630 · DOI · Paper page
- [9]Pinquart M Parenting stress in caregivers of children with chronic physical condition—a meta-analysis Stress Health J Int Soc Investig Stress 2017 10.1002/smi.2780 28834111 · DOI
- [10]Brehaut JC Kohen DE Garner RE Miller AR Lach LM Klassen AF Health among caregivers of children with health problems: findings from a Canadian population-based study Am J Public Health 2009 99 7 1254 1262 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129817 19059861 PMC2696656 · DOI
- [11]Dellve L Samuelsson L Tallborn A Fasth A Hallberg LR Stress and well-being among parents of children with rare diseases: a prospective intervention study J Adv Nurs 2006 53 4 392 402 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03736.x 16448482 · DOI
- [13]Zurynski Y Deverell M Dalkeith T Johnson S Christodoulou J Leonard H Australian children living with rare diseases: experiences of diagnosis and perceived consequences of diagnostic delays Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017 12 1 68 10.1186/s13023-017-0622-4 28399928 PMC5387276 · DOI
- [14]Beighton C Wills J How parents describe the positive aspects of parenting their child who has intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and narrative synthesis J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2019 32 5 1255 1279 10.1111/jar.12617 31111640 PMC6852490 · DOI
- [15]Dodge JA Chigladze T Donadieu J Grossman Z Ramos F Serlicorni A The importance of rare diseases: from the gene to society Arch Dis Child 2011 96 9 791 792 10.1136/adc.2010.193664 20705719 · DOI
- [16]Haffner ME Whitley J Moses M Two decades of orphan product development Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002 1 10 821 825 10.1038/nrd919 12360259 · DOI
- [18]Molster C Urwin D Di Pietro L Fookes M Petrie D van der Laan S Survey of healthcare experiences of Australian adults living with rare diseases Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016 11 1 1 12 10.1186/s13023-016-0409-z 27012247 PMC4806449 · DOI
- [19]Nutt S Limb L Survey of patients’ and families’ experiences of rare diseases reinforces calls for a rare disease strategy Soc Care Neurodisability 2011 10.1108/20420911111188443 · DOI
- [20]Dodge JA Chigladze T Donadieu J Grossman Z Ramos F Serlicorni A The importance of rare diseases: from the gene to society Arch Dis Child 2010 10.1136/adc.2010.193664 20705719 · DOI
- [21]Wästfelt M Fadeel B Henter JI A journey of hope: lessons learned from studies on rare diseases and orphan drugs J Intern Med 2006 260 1 1 10 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01666.x 16789973 · DOI
- [22]Strauss A Corbin J Basics of qualitative research 1990 London Sage Publications
- [25]Barnett-Page E Thomas J Methods for the synthesis of qualitative research: a critical review BMC Med Res Methodol 2009 9 1 1 11 10.1186/1471-2288-9-59 19671152 PMC3224695 · DOI
- [28]Brewer HM Eatough V Smith JA Stanley CA Glendinning NW Quarrell OW The impact of juvenile Huntington's disease on the family: the case of a rare childhood condition J Health Psychol 2008 13 1 5 16 10.1177/1359105307084307 18086713 · DOI
- [30]Currie G Szabo J “It is like a jungle gym, and everything is under construction”: the parent’s perspective of caring for a child with a rare disease Child Care Health Dev 2019 45 1 96 103 10.1111/cch.12628 30370696 · DOI
- [31]Currie G Szabo J ‘It would be much easier if we were just quiet and disappeared’: parents silenced in the experience of caring for children with rare diseases Health Expect Int J Public Particip Health Care Health Policy 2019 22 6 1251 1259 10.1111/hex.12958 PMC6882256 31466132 · DOI
- [32]Feragen KB Stock NM Myhre A Due-Tonnessen BJ Medical stress reactions and personal growth in parents of children with a rare craniofacial condition Cleft Palate Craniofacial J Off Publ Am Cleft Palate Craniofacial Assoc 2020 57 2 228 237 10.1177/1055665619869146 31426676 · DOI
- [33]Gerstein MT Markus AR Gianattasio KZ Le Mons C Bartos J Stevens DM Choosing between medical management and liver transplant in urea cycle disorders: a conceptual framework for parental treatment decision-making in rare disease J Inherit Metab Dis 2020 43 3 438 458 10.1002/jimd.12209 31883128 PMC7318329 · DOI
- [34]Gilmore L Supporting families of children with rare and unique chromosome disorders Res Pract Intellect Dev Disabil 2018 5 1 8 16 10.1080/23297018.2017.1360152 · DOI
- [35]Glenn AD Using online health communication to manage chronic sorrow: mothers of children with rare diseases speak J Pediatr Nurs 2015 30 1 17 24 10.1016/j.pedn.2014.09.013 25316198 · DOI · Paper page
- [36]Gomez-Zuniga B Pulido Moyano R Pousada Fernandez M Garcia Oliva A Armayones RM The experience of parents of children with rare diseases when communicating with healthcare professionals: towards an integrative theory of trust Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019 14 1 159 10.1186/s13023-019-1134-1 31253163 PMC6599337 · DOI
- [37]Griffith GM Hastings RP Nash S Petalas M Oliver C Howlin P “You have to sit and explain it all, and explain yourself”. Mothers’ experiences of support services for their offspring with a rare genetic intellectual disability syndrome J Genet Couns 2011 20 2 165 77 10.1007/s10897-010-9339-4 21203808 · DOI
- [38]Myrin Westesson L Sparud-Lundin C Wallengren C Baghaei F A tortuous route to a capable fatherhood: the experience of being a father to a child with severe haemophilia Haemophilia 2015 21 6 799 805 10.1111/hae.12781 26249022 · DOI
- [39]Kleinendorst L van den Heuvel LM Henneman L van Haelst MM Who ever heard of 16p11.2 deletion syndrome? Parents’ perspectives on a susceptibility copy number variation syndrome Eur J Hum Genet 2020 28 9 1196 204 10.1038/s41431-020-0644-6 32415274 PMC7608422 · DOI
- [40]Lim F Downs J Li J Bao X-H Leonard H Barriers to diagnosis of a rare neurological disorder in China—lived experiences of Rett syndrome families Am J Med Genet A 2012 158A 1 1 9 10.1002/ajmg.a.34351 22106023 · DOI
- [41]Pousette Lundgren G Hasselblad T Johansson AS Johansson A Dahllof G Experiences of being a parent to a child with amelogenesis imperfecta Dent J 2019 10.3390/dj7010017 PMC6473584 30744129 · DOI
- [42]Nag HE Hoxmark LB Naerland T Parental experiences with behavioural problems in Smith–Magenis syndrome: the need for syndrome-specific competence J Intellect Disabil JOID 2019 23 3 359 372 10.1177/1744629519847375 31046579 PMC6734585 · DOI
- [43]Smith JA Brewer HM Eatough V Stanley CA Glendinning NW Quarrell OWJ The personal experience of juvenile Huntington’s disease: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of parents’ accounts of the primary features of a rare genetic condition Clin Genet 2006 69 6 486 496 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00624.x 16712700 · DOI
- [44]Somanadhan S Larkin PJ Parents’ experiences of living with, and caring for children, adolescents and young adults with Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016 11 1 138 10.1186/s13023-016-0521-0 27724940 PMC5057247 · DOI
- [45]Vitale SA Parent recommendations for family functioning with Prader–Willi syndrome: a rare genetic cause of childhood obesity J Pediatr Nurs 2016 31 1 47 54 10.1016/j.pedn.2015.11.001 26684080 · DOI
- [46]Weng HJ Niu DM Turale S Tsao LI Shih FJ Yamamoto-Mitani N Family caregiver distress with children having rare genetic disorders: a qualitative study involving Russell–Silver syndrome in Taiwan J Clin Nurs 2012 21 1–2 160 169 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03583.x 21410572 · DOI
- [47]Wu Y-H Sun F-K Lee P-Y Family caregivers’ lived experiences of caring for epidermolysis bullosa patients: a phenomenological study J Clin Nurs 2020 29 9–10 1552 1560 10.1111/jocn.15209 32043289 · DOI
- [48]Zelihić D Hjardemaal FR von der Lippe C Caring for a child with Bardet-Biedl syndrome: a qualitative study of the parental experiences of daily coping and support Eur J Med Genet 2020 63 4 103856 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103856 31972368 · DOI
- [49]Currie G Szabo J Social isolation and exclusion: the parents' experience of caring for children with rare neurodevelopmental disorders Int J Qual Stud Health Well Being 2020 15 1 1725362 10.1080/17482631.2020.1725362 32048917 PMC7034477 · DOI
- [50]Germeni E Vallini I Bianchetti MG Schulz PJ Reconstructing normality following the diagnosis of a childhood chronic disease: Does "rare" make a difference? Eur J Pediatr 2018 177 4 489 495 10.1007/s00431-017-3085-7 29335841 PMC5851707 · DOI · Paper page
- [51]von der Lippe C Frich JC Harris A Solbrække KN Treatment of hemophilia: a qualitative study of mothers’ perspectives Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017 64 1 121 127 10.1002/pbc.26167 27472376 · DOI
- [52]Yang B-H Mu P-F Wang W-S The experiences of families living with the anticipatory loss of a school-age child with spinal muscular atrophy–the parents’ perspectives J Clin Nurs 2016 25 17–18 2648 2657 10.1111/jocn.13312 27477332 · DOI
- [53]Trulsson U Klingberg G Living with a child with a severe orofacial handicap: experiences from the perspectives of parents Eur J Oral Sci 2003 111 1 19 25 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2003.00001.x 12558804 · DOI
- [54]Ragusa L Crino A Grugni G Reale L Fiorencis A Licenziati MR Caring and living with Prader-Willi syndrome in Italy: integrating children, adults and parents’ experiences through a multicentre narrative medicine research BMJ Open 2020 10 8 e036502 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036502 32764084 PMC7412587 · DOI
- [55]Gueita-Rodriguez J Famoso-Perez P Salom-Moreno J Carrasco-Garrido P Perez-Corrales J Palacios-Cena D Challenges affecting access to health and social care resources and time management among parents of children with Rett syndrome: a qualitative case study Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020 10.3390/ijerph17124466 32575920 PMC7345745 · DOI
- [56]Purcell HN Whisenhunt A Cheng J Dimitriou S Young LR Grossoehme DH “A remarkable experience of god, shaping us as a family”: parents’ use of faith following child's rare disease diagnosis J Health Care Chaplain 2015 21 1 25 38 10.1080/08854726.2014.988525 25569780 PMC4313747 · DOI
- [57]Tikkanen SA Peterson BL Parsloe SM Courtesy stigma and social support: an exploration of fathers’ buffering strategies and blocking rationalizations Health Commun 2019 34 13 1543 1554 10.1080/10410236.2018.1504658 30067393 · DOI
- [58]Bruns D Foerster K ‘We’ve been through it all together’: supports for parents with children with rare trisomy conditions J Intellect Disabil Res JIDR 2011 55 4 361 369 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01381.x 21241397 · DOI
- [59]Bruns D Schrey C Examining in-home care needs and work responsibilities for parents with children with a rare trisomy condition Int J Dev Disabil 2012 58 3 159 175 10.1179/2047387712Y.0000000002 · DOI
- [60]Syed AM Camp R Mischorr-Boch C Houÿez F Aro AR Policy recommendations for rare disease centres of expertise Eval Program Plann 2015 52 78 84 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2015.03.006 25935363 · DOI
- [61]Wallenius E Möller K Berglund B Everyday impact of having a rare diagnosis A Quest Study Vård i Norden 2009 29 3 13 17 10.1177/010740830902900304 · DOI
- [62]von der Lippe C Diesen PS Feragen KB Living with a rare disorder: a systematic review of the qualitative literature Mol Genet Genomic Med 2017 5 6 758 773 10.1002/mgg3.315 29178638 PMC5702559 · DOI · Paper page
- [63]Hedley V Bottarelli V Weinman A Taruscio D Shaping national plans and strategies for rare diseases in Europe: past, present, and future J Community Genet 2021 12 2 207 216 10.1007/s12687-021-00525-4 33950416 PMC8097119 · DOI
- [64]Forman J Taruscio D Llera VA Barrera LA Coté TR Edfjäll C The need for worldwide policy and action plans for rare diseases Acta Paediatr 2012 101 8 805 807 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02705.x 22519914 PMC3443385 · DOI
- [66]Tumiene B Graessner H Mathijssen IM Pereira AM Schaefer F Scarpa M European reference networks: challenges and opportunities J Community Genet 2021 12 2 217 229 10.1007/s12687-021-00521-8 33733400 PMC7968406 · DOI
- [67]Austin CP Cutillo CM Lau LP Jonker AH Rath A Julkowska D Future of rare diseases research 2017–2027: an IRDiRC perspective Clin Transl Sci 2018 11 1 21 27 10.1111/cts.12500 28796445 PMC5759721 · DOI
- [68]Firth HV Richards SM Bevan AP Clayton S Corpas M Rajan D DECIPHER: database of chromosomal imbalance and phenotype in humans using ensembl resources Am J Hum Genet 2009 84 4 524 533 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.03.010 19344873 PMC2667985 · DOI · Paper page
- [69]Sobreira N Schiettecatte F Valle D Hamosh A GeneMatcher: a matching tool for connecting investigators with an interest in the same gene Hum Mutat 2015 36 10 928 930 10.1002/humu.22844 26220891 PMC4833888 · DOI · Paper page
- [70]Shafie AA Chaiyakunapruk N Supian A Lim J Zafra M Hassali MAA State of rare disease management in Southeast Asia Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016 11 1 1 11 10.1186/s13023-016-0460-9 27484654 PMC4969672 · DOI
- [71]Baynam GS Groft S van der Westhuizen FH Gassman SD du Plessis K Coles EP A call for global action for rare diseases in Africa Nat Genet 2020 52 1 21 26 10.1038/s41588-019-0552-2 31873296 · DOI
- [72]Hjorth E Kreicbergs U Sejersen T Lövgren M Parents’ advice to healthcare professionals working with children who have spinal muscular atrophy Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018 22 1 128 34 10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.10.008 29146237 · DOI
- [73]Boulet L-P The expert patient and chronic respiratory diseases Canadian Respir J 2016 10.1155/2016/9454506 PMC4904534 27445572 · DOI
- [74]Prior L Belief, knowledge and expertise: the emergence of the lay expert in medical sociology Sociol Health Illn 2003 25 3 41 57 10.1111/1467-9566.00339 14498929 · DOI · Paper page
- [75]Rallison LB Raffin-Bouchal S Living in the in-between: families caring for a child with a progressive neurodegenerative illness Qual Health Res 2013 23 2 194 206 10.1177/1049732312467232 23175537 · DOI
- [76]Ballantine K Gooder C Ryan E Macfarlane S Listening to the experts: parents’ perspectives around infection risk and returning to education and social activities following their child's diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia Cancer Rep 2021 10.1002/cnr2.1424 PMC9199503 33988314 · DOI
- [77]Kish AM Newcombe PA Haslam DM Working and caring for a child with chronic illness: a review of current literature Child Care Health Dev 2018 44 3 343 354 10.1111/cch.12546 29341191 · DOI
- [78]Pope AW Tillman K Snyder HT Parenting stress in infancy and psychosocial adjustment in toddlerhood: a longitudinal study of children with craniofacial anomalies Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005 42 5 556 559 10.1597/04-066r.1 16149839 · DOI
- [80]Albanese AM Russo GR Geller PA The role of parental self‐efficacy in parent and child well‐being: a systematic review of associated outcomes Child Care Health Dev 2019 45 3 333 363 10.1111/cch.12661 30870584 · DOI · Paper page
- [81]Hjelmstedt S Forinder U Montgomery S Lindahl Norberg A Hovén E Facilitators and barriers to return to work and meet financial needs in parents of children with cancer Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021 68 10 e29245 10.1002/pbc.29245 34318997 · DOI
- [82]Pauer F Litzkendorf S Göbel J Storf H Zeidler J von der Schulenburg JMG Rare diseases on the internet: an assessment of the quality of online information J Med Internet Res 2017 19 1 e23 10.2196/jmir.7056 28100442 PMC5288561 · DOI
- [83]Titgemeyer SC Schaaf CP Facebook support groups for rare pediatric diseases: quantitative analysis JMIR Pediatr Parent 2020 3 2 e21694 10.2196/21694 33211019 PMC7714646 · DOI · Paper page
- [84]Feragen KB Rumsey N Heliövaara A Boysen BM Johannessen EC Havstam C Scandcleft randomised trials of primary surgery for unilateral cleft lip and palate: 9. Parental report of social and emotional experiences related to their 5-year-old child’s cleft diagnosis J Plastic Surg Hand Surg 2017 51 1 73 80 10.1080/2000656X.2016.1254643 28218553 · DOI
- [85]Whetten K Leserman J Whetten R Ostermann J Thielman N Swartz M Exploring lack of trust in care providers and the government as a barrier to health service use Am J Public Health 2006 96 4 716 721 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063255 16507725 PMC1470533 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hoffmann, T. M., Friedrich, B., & Lewis, C. (2025) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.70149 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- von der Lippe, C., Neteland, I., & Feragen, K. B.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Venue
- Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
- Published
- 2022-10-17
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 375-375
- ISSN
- 1750-1172 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9575260
- OpenAlex
- W4306403339
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Connective tissue disorders research
- Keywords
- rare genetic disorders, parental experiences, health care experiences, parental responsibility, care coordination, international cooperation
- MeSH terms
- Child, Chronic Disease, Family, Humans, Parents, Rare Diseases, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review