Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and badgers (Meles meles) in northern Italy
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Salmonella spp. have been isolated from a wide range of wild animals. Opportunistic wild carnivores such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and badgers (Meles meles) may act as environmental indicators or as potential sources of salmonellosis in humans. The present study characterizes Salmonella spp. isolated from the intestinal contents of hunted or dead red foxes (n = 509) and badgers (n = 17) in northern Italy. FINDINGS: Thirty-one strains of Salmonella belonging to 3 Salmonella enterica subspecies were isolated. Fourteen different serovars of S. enterica subsp. enterica were identified, among which were serovars often associated with human illness. CONCLUSIONS: Wild opportunistic predators can influence the probability of infection of both domestic animals and humans through active shedding of the pathogen to the environment. The epidemiological role of wild carnivores in the spread of salmonellosis needs to be further studied.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In another study, Salmonella spp. isolated from red foxes showed resistance/intermediate resistance to at least one class of antibiotics, with the highest resistance values observed in the tetracycline class, with 33 strains being multidrug resistant.
“In another study, Salmonella spp.isolated from red foxes showed resistance/intermediate resistance to at least one class of antibiotics with the highest resistance values observed in the tetracycline class, with 33 strains being MDR [54].”
From Secrets of the Astute Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758): An Inside-Ecosystem Secret Agent Serving One Health (2021) · cites this paper as [54]
The Findings (Table 2; page not specified) report only 31 Salmonella isolates in total, 29 from red foxes. This contradicts the claim that 33 strains in this study were multidrug resistant. The paper’s methods describe isolation and serotyping, not antibiotic-susceptibility testing, so the tetracycline-resistance claim is also unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFoxes live today in close contact with humans and their pets/livestock, and the zoonotic agents they carry play a major role in public health.
“As a result, foxes live today in close contact with humans and their pets/livestock, and zoonotic agents they carry plays a major role in public health [54]”
From Secrets of the Astute Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758): An Inside-Ecosystem Secret Agent Serving One Health (2021) · cites this paper as [54]
The Findings section says red foxes have adapted to urban and peri-urban environments, and the conclusion says wild predators can increase the probability of infection in domestic animals and humans through pathogen shedding. It does not establish that fox-borne zoonotic agents play a major role in public health; the paper says the epidemiological role of wild carnivores needs further study. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSalmonella spp. was detected within Vulpes vulpes in northwestern Italy, between 2002 and 2010, in 29 (5.70%) among 509 red foxes.
“Salmonella spp., for example, was detected within V. vulpes. in northwestern Italy, between 2002 and 2010, in 29 (5.70%) among 509 red foxes.”
From Secrets of the Astute Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758): An Inside-Ecosystem Secret Agent Serving One Health (2021) · cites this paper as [54]
The Findings report Salmonella spp. in 29 of 509 red foxes (5.70%) in Italy’s Lombardy region. They state that sampling took place from 2009 to 2010, not from 2002 to 2010. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe red fox is the main carrier and vector of the most important endemic zoonosis, including virus, bacteria, and parasites.
“The red fox is the main carrier and vector of the most important endemic zoonosis, including virus, bacteria, and parasites.”
From Secrets of the Astute Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758): An Inside-Ecosystem Secret Agent Serving One Health (2021) · cites this paper as [54]
The Findings section (page unavailable) describes red foxes and badgers as potential indicators and spreaders of zoonotic infections, and documents Salmonella in foxes. It does not establish that red foxes are the main carrier or vector of endemic zoonoses generally, including viral and parasitic diseases. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Prevalence of zoonotic important parasites in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Great Britain
Smith, G. (2003) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.09.017 · Cited by 106 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Red foxes and badgers can be considered as indicators and spreaders of zoonotic infections due to their feeding habits [8].”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- [1]Millán J Aduriz G Moreno B Juste RA Barral M Salmonella isolates from wild birds and mammals in the Basque Country (Spain) Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 2004 23 905 911 15861885
- [3]Pires SM Vigre H Makela P Hald T Using outbreak data for source attribution of human salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis in Europe Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010 7 1351 1361 10.1089/fpd.2010.0564 20586609 · DOI
- [4]Paulsen P Smulders FJM Hilbert F Salmonella in meat from hunted game: a central Europe perspective Food Res Int 2012 45 609 616 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.055 · DOI
- [5]Hilbert F Smulders FJM Chopra-Dewasthaly R Paulsen P Salmonella in the wildlife-human interface Food Res Int 2012 45 603 608 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.08.015 · DOI
- [7]Saeed IS Kapel CMO Population dynamics and epidemiology of Toxocara canis in Danish red foxes J Parasitol 2006 92 1196 1201 10.1645/GE-720R.1 17304794 · DOI
- [9]Wilson JS Hazel SM Williams NJ Phiri A French NP Hart CA Nontyphoidal salmonellae in United Kingdom badgers: prevalence and spatial distribution Appl Environ Microb 2003 69 4312 4315 10.1128/AEM.69.7.4312-4315.2003 PMC165146 12839821 · DOI
- [10]Thomas AD Forbes-Faulkner JC Speare R Murray C Salmonellosis in wildlife from Queensland J Wildlife Dis 2001 37 229 238 10.7589/0090-3558-37.2.229 11310872 · DOI
- [11]Winfield MD Groisman EA Role of nonhost environments in the lifestyles of Salmonella and Escherichia coli Appl Environ Microb 2003 69 3687 3694 10.1128/AEM.69.7.3687-3694.2003 PMC165204 12839733 · DOI
- [12]Handeland K Nesse LL Lillehaug A Vikøren T Djønne B Bergsjø B Natural and experimental Salmonella Typhimurium infections in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) Vet Microbiol 2008 132 129 134 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.002 18547749 · DOI
- [13]Wacheck S Fredriksson-Ahomaa M König M Stolle A Stephan R Wild boars as an important reservoir for foodborne pathogens Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010 7 307 312 10.1089/fpd.2009.0367 19899962 · DOI
- [15]Chiari M Zanoni M Tagliabue S Lavazza A Alborali LG Salmonella serotypes in wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in northern Italy Acta Vet Scand 2013 55 42 45 10.1186/1751-0147-55-42 23692883 PMC3669099 · DOI
- [17]Cruchaga S Echeita A Aladueña A García-Peña J Frias N Usera MA Antimicrobial resistance in salmonellae from humans, food and animals in Spain in 1998 J Antimicrob Chemother 2001 47 315 321 10.1093/jac/47.3.315 11222564 · DOI
- [18]Sannö A, Aspán A, Hestvik G, Jacobson M: Presence ofSalmonellaspp.,Yersinia enterocolitica,Yersinia pseudotuberculosisandEscherichia coliO157: H7 in wild boars.Epidemiol Infect 2014, 1–6. PMC9151289 24512817
- [19]Ferrari N Rosà R Lanfranchi P Ruckstuhl KE Effect of sexual segregation on host–parasite interaction: Model simulation for abomasal parasite dynamics in alpine ibex (Capra ibex) Int J Parasitol 2010 40 1285 1293 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.03.015 20430029 · DOI
- [20]Kaminski G Brandt S Baubet E Badoin C Life-history patterns in female wild boars (Sus scrofa): mother–daughter postweaning associations Can J Zoo 2005 83 474 480 10.1139/z05-019 · DOI
- [21]Graziani C Busani L Dionisi AM Caprioli A Ivarsson S Hedenström I Luzzi I Virulotyping of Salmonella enterica serovar Napoli strains isolated in Italy from human and nonhuman sources Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011 8 997 1003 10.1089/fpd.2010.0833 21561382 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Garcês, A., & Pires, I. (2021) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments8100103 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Resistance/intermediate resistance to at least one class of antibiotics and the highest resistance values were observed in the tetracycline class, with 33 strains being Multiple drug resistance (MDR).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Chiari, M., Ferrari, N., Giardiello, D., Lanfranchi, P., Zanoni, M., Lavazza, A., & Alborali, L. G.
- Affiliations
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Chiari, Mario
- Venue
- Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 86-86
- ISSN
- 0044-605X (ISSN-L)
- 1751-0147
- PMC
- PMC4266207
- OpenAlex
- W2119532585
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta veterinaria Scandinavica (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Regione Lombardia
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety
- Keywords
- Salmonella, red fox, badgers, Meles meles, wild carnivores, salmonellosis, Salmonella serotypes, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, wildlife reservoirs, zoonotic transmission, Northern Italy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Foxes, Italy, Male, Salmonella, Salmonella Infections, Animal, Prevalence, Mustelidae
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
