Prevalence of zoonotic important parasites in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Great Britain
Abstract
A national necropsy survey of red foxes was carried out across Great Britain to record Echinococcus, Trichinella and Toxoplasma. The survey did not record directly, or indirectly using coproantigen/PCR tests, evidence for the presence of Echinococcus multilocularis in 588 animals, although E. granulosus was suspected in six animals. Parasitological evidence for Trichinella spp. could not be found in 587 fox muscle digests, and a specific PCR test also failed to detect Toxoplasma in a sub-set of 61 random fox tongue biopsies. The upper 95% confidence interval for the above parasites was 0.60% (E. multilocularis), 0.60% (Trichinella spp.) and 5.6% (Toxoplasma). The commonest gut parasites were the hookworm Uncinaria stenocephala (41.3%) and the ascarid Toxocara canis (61.6%). This study also reports the second occurrence of Trichuris vulpis in Great Britain.
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In other parts of Europe, the percentage of A. alata infected foxes differs depending on the investigation and region, from very high to moderate and low to areas where these trematodes were not detected.
“In other parts of Europe, the percentage of A. alata infected foxes differs depending on the investigation (and region) from very high [3,34], moderate, and low [1,8,12,18,19,35] to areas where these trematodes were not detected [17,36,37].”
From Distribution of Parasitic Helminths in the Small Intestine of the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
The vast majority of hookworms detected in the study belonged to Uncinaria stenocephala.
“In our investigation, species of these helminths were not identified, but previous studies carried out in Poland [20,31,41,42] and Europe [1,17,18,19] may suggest that the vast majority of them belonged to Uncinaria stenocephala.”
From Distribution of Parasitic Helminths in the Small Intestine of the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
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BackgroundNatural Cysticercus fasciolaris infection in rodents from a rural area in Yucatan, Mexico
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Jennifer, L., Napier, M. C., & Mukaratirwa, S. (2012) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY · doi:10.5897/ajb11.3065 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The species that affect dogs in tropical regions are Ancylostoma caninum, A. braziliense, A. ceylanicum and Uncinaria stenocephala (Smyth, 1976), although, U. stenocephala is mainly found in temperate regions (Smith et al., 2003).”
BackgroundAydın, M. F., Balkaya, İ., Aktaş, M., & Dumanlı, N. (2011) · Turkish Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.5152/tpd.2011.27 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Kırmızı tilkiler, insanlarda ve evcil hayvanlarda enfeksiyonlara neden olabilen birçok parazite konaklık yaptıklarından, bu parazitlerin kırsal ve kentsel alanlarda insanlara ve hayvanlara bulaşmasında rol almaktadırlar (2, 3).”
Sanchis-Monsonís, G., Fanelli, A., Martínez‐Carrasco, C., & Tizzani, P. (2020) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109168 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mørk, T., Ims, R., & Killengreen, S. (2019) · International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife · doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.002 · Cited by 7
“Uncinaria stenocephala is reported with a relative low prevalence in arctic regions compared to temperate areas (Marquard-Petersen, 1997; Elmore et al., 2013; Smith et al., 2003; Saeed et al., 2006), indicating that the environmental conditions might be marginal in the Arctic.”
BackgroundOccurrence of Trichinella spp. in wild animals in northwestern Libya
Hosni, M., el Maghrbi, A. E., & Ganghish, K. S. (2013) · Open Veterinary Journal · doi:10.5455/ovj.2013.v3.i2.p85 · Cited by 6
“On the other hand, the prevalence of the Trichinella spp. in this study was higher than that obtained by Enemark et al. (2000) in Denmark, Smith et al. (2003) in England, Zimmer et al. (2009) in Ireland, La Rosa et al. (1991) in France and Appleyard et al. (1998) in Canada who recorded a lower…”
ResultInfluentialMedlock, J., & Leach, S. (2009) · The Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.164.25.789-b · Cited by 5
“is not present in the UK, with a recent study by the Central Science Laboratory finding no evidence of the parasite in approximately 580 foxes (”
BackgroundKhalaf, N. (2015) · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.1441370.v1 · Cited by 4
“Study on the helminth infections of foxes, have been the subject of several surveys around the world (Taira et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2003; Kruse et al., 2004; Vervaeke et al., 2005; Gorski et al., 2006., Thompson et al.,2009).”
BackgroundPozio, E. (2021) · Trichinella and Trichinellosis · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821209-7.00005-6 · Cited by 4
Survey of Common Infectious Diseases in Urban Foxes (Vulpes spp.) in Southeastern Iran
Akhtardanesh, B., Khedri, J., Tokasi, M., Tazerji, S. S., Shokrollahi, N., Sadeghi, B., Poursina, M., Malik, Y. S., & Hajipour, P. (2023) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/jwd-d-23-00028 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A study of the parasites of V. vulpes in the UK (Smith et al. 2003) found T. canis infection in 62 % of foxes, which is higher than our study; the second most prevalent helminth detected in the UK, Uncinaria stenocephala , was not found in our study.”
BackgroundVeterinary treatment of fox casualties
Couper, D., & Bexton, S. (2016) · In Practice · doi:10.1136/inp.i707 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wapenaar, W., de Bie, F., Johnston, D., O'Handley, R., & Barkema, H. (2013) · doi:10.22621/cfn.v126i4.1374 · Cited by 3
“Red Foxes and Coyotes can be carriers of pathogens, such as the rabies virus (Constantine 1966) and the zoonotic parasites Toxocara canis (Smith et al. 2003; Wapenaar et al. 2013) and Echinococcus spp. (Eckert et al. 2000).”
BackgroundPilarczyk, B., Tomza–Marciniak, A., Pilarczyk, R., Bąkowska, M., Rząd, I., Stapf, A., Felska‐Błaszczyk, L., Tylkowska, A., & Seremak, B. (2024) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens13060490 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…with 31.3% [36] and Belarus with 25.5% [37], lower infection rates were reported in Italy with 9.1% [38], and others have demonstrated much higher rates of infection: the UK, i.e., 61.6% [39], the Netherlands, 61% [40], Denmark, around 60.9% [41], Switzerland, 44.3% [42] and Slovenia, 38.3% [43].”
BackgroundInfluentialArcenillas‐Hernández, I., de Ybáñez, R. R., Tizzani, P., Pérez‐Cutillas, P., & Martínez‐Carrasco, C. (2024) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105199 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A coprological survey on helminths of Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus 1758 in Kashmir Himalaya
Sheikh, M. M., Tak, H., Fazili, M. F., & Wani, I. N. (2023) · Journal of Parasitic Diseases · doi:10.1007/s12639-023-01588-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“canis has been reported from European countries compared to our results (Cerbo et al. 2008; Criado-Fornelio et al. 2000; Smith et al. 2003; Brochier et al. 2007; Martínez-Carrasco et al. 2007; Magi et al. 2009; Miterpáková et al. 2009).”
ResultEchinococcus multilocularis: a political zoonosis.
Wright, I. M. R. (2013) · doi:10.12968/coan.2013.18.8.368 · Cited by 2
Wang, L., Liu, T., Liang, P.-H., Zhang, S.-H., Li, T.-S., Li, Y., Liu, G., Mao, L., & Luo, X. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.24533/v1 · Cited by 1
“pisiformis, a common intestinal tapeworm in the canines and felines, is widely distributed around the world [1, 2].”
BackgroundGürler, A., Bölükbaş, C., Açıcı, M., & Umur, Ş. (2019) · Kocatepe Veterinary Journal · doi:10.30607/kvj.548651 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Esson, C. (2018) · doi:10.25903/5e7036fdf48a9 · Cited by 1
“Ticks are well-known vectors for bacterial and protozoal pathogens (Smith 2003, Špitalská and Kocianová 2003, Gray et al. 2009) and these results should inform future disease surveillance.”
BackgroundMitrea, I. B., Iani, A. D., Gherman, C., Cazan, C., Ionicǎ, A., Rabei, Ș., Deak, G., Cernea, M., Alexe, V., Chișamera, G., et al. (2026) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-025-07219-7
Kuchboev, A., Sotiboldiyev, A., Ruziev, B., & Safarov, A. (2025) · Biosystems Diversity · doi:10.15421/012538
(2022) · CABI Compendium · doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.96496
Akosman, M., Demirel, H., & Türkmen, R. (2019) · Kocatepe Veterinary Journal · doi:10.30607/kvj.571397
- Authors
- Smith, G.
- Affiliations
- Fera Science (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, G
- Venue
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-12-01
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 133-142
- ISSN
- 0304-4017 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1986924348
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Parasitology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Toxoplasma gondii Research Studies
- Keywords
- red fox, zoonotic parasites, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus, Trichinella, Toxoplasma, Trichuris vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, parasite prevalence, Great Britain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Foxes, United Kingdom, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic, Intestine, Small, Male, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Trichinella, Trichinellosis, Zoonoses, Prevalence, Muscle, Skeletal
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