The DOI matches its Crossref record; 154 of the 154 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Abscopal effect of radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors
Open accessAbstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is used routinely as a standard treatment for more than 50% of patients with malignant tumors. The abscopal effect induced by local RT, which is considered as a systemic anti-tumor immune response, reflects the regression of non-irradiated metastatic lesions at a distance from the primary site of irradiation. Since the application of immunotherapy, especially with immune checkpoint inhibitors, can enhance the systemic anti-tumor response of RT, the combination of RT and immunotherapy has drawn extensive attention by oncologists and cancer researchers. Nevertheless, the exact underlying mechanism of the abscopal effect remains unclear. In general, we speculate that the immune mechanism of RT is responsible for, or at least associated with, this effect. In this review, we discuss the anti-tumor effect of RT and immune checkpoint blockade and discuss some published studies on the abscopal effect for this type of combination therapy. In addition, we also evaluate the most appropriate time window for the combination of RT and immune checkpoint blockade, as well as the optimal dose and fractionation of RT in the context of the combined treatment. Finally, the most significant purpose of this review is to identify the potential predictors of the abscopal effect to help identify the most appropriate patients who would most likely benefit from the combination treatment modality.
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Cites
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HMGB1 in Inflammation and Cancer
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“It has been established that exosomes participate in a variety of physiological processes and can be released from a variety of cell types (Colombo et al., 2014; Lo Cicero et al., 2015; van Niel et al., 2018; Catalano and O’Driscoll, 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, Y., Dong, Y., Kong, L., Shi, F., Zhu, H., & Yu, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Hematology & Oncology
- Published
- 2018-08-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 104-104
- ISSN
- 1756-8722 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2886119834
- Cited by
- 447
- References
- 154
- FWCI
- 14.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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