The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
DELTA2 guidance on choosing the target difference and undertaking and reporting the sample size calculation for a randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
A key step in the design of a RCT is the estimation of the number of participants needed in the study. The most common approach is to specify a target difference between the treatments for the primary outcome and then calculate the required sample size. The sample size is chosen to ensure that the trial will have a high probability (adequate statistical power) of detecting a target difference between the treatments should one exist. The sample size has many implications for the conduct and interpretation of the study. Despite the critical role that the target difference has in the design of a RCT, the way in which it is determined has received little attention. In this article, we summarise the key considerations and messages from new guidance for researchers and funders on specifying the target difference, and undertaking and reporting a RCT sample size calculation. This article on choosing the target difference for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and undertaking and reporting the sample size calculation has been dual published in the BMJ and BMC Trials journals The DELTA 2 (Difference ELicitation in TriAls) project comprised five major components: systematic literature reviews of recent methodological developments (stage 1) and existing funder guidance (stage 2); a Delphi study (stage 3); a two-day consensus meeting bringing together researchers, funders and patient representatives (stage 4); and the preparation and dissemination of a guidance document (stage 5). The key messages from the DELTA 2 guidance on determining the target difference and sample size calculation for a randomised caontrolled trial are presented. Recommendations for the subsequent reporting of the sample size calculation are also provided.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the DELTA (Difference Elicitation in TriAls) project proposes that the primary outcome should be of relevance to at least one key stakeholder group [61]”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Revised CONSORT Statement for Reporting Randomized Trials: Explanation and Elaboration
Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Moher, D., Egger, M., Davidoff, F., Elbourne, D., Gøtzsche, P. C., Lang, T., & for the CONSORT Group (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012 · Cited by 3,835
Self-citationWhat is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials
Hollis, S., & Campbell, F. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7211.670 · Cited by 2,160
Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health‐Care Evaluation
Spiegelhalter, D. J., Abrams, K. R., & Myles, J. P. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470092602 · Cited by 1,687
Understanding the minimum clinically important difference: A review of concepts and methods
Copay, A. G., Subach, B. R., Glassman, S. D., Polly, D. W., & Schuler, T. C. (2007) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2007.01.008 · Cited by 1,662
National Institute for Health Research
Evans, R. G. (2014) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns.28.49.32.s37 · Cited by 1,350
White, P., Goldsmith, K., Johnson, A., Potts, L., Walwyn, R., DeCesare, J., Baber, H., Burgess, M., Clark, L., Cox, D., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60096-2 · Cited by 897
Claxton, K. (1999) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/s0167-6296(98)00039-3 · Cited by 891
Goodman, S. N., & Berlin, J. A. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-121-3-199408010-00008 · Cited by 658
Self-citationSample size calculations in randomised trials: mandatory and mystical
Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61034-3 · Cited by 549
Beaton, D., Boers, M., & Wells, G. (2002) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/00002281-200203000-00006 · Cited by 547
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Sones W. et al., Choosing the target difference (“effect size”) for a randomised controlled trial – the development of the DELTA2 guidance Trials. 2018;19:542.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Skivington, K., Matthews, L., Simpson, S. A., Craig, P., Baird, J., Blazeby, J. M., Boyd, K., Craig, N. J., French, D., McIntosh, E., et al. (2021) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta25570 · Cited by 585
Velocity-Based Training: From Theory to Application
Weakley, J. J. S., Mann, B., Banyard, H. G., McLaren, S. J., Scott, T. J., & García‐Ramos, A. (2020) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000560 · Cited by 469
The Handbook of Behavior Change
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318 · Cited by 446
Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.002 · Cited by 346
Mansournia, M. A., Collins, P. G. S., Nielsen, R. O., Nazemipour, M., Jewell, N. P., Altman, D. G., & Campbell, M. J. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103652 · Cited by 268
Self-citationDimairo, M., Pallmann, P., Wason, J. M. S., Todd, S., Jaki, T., Julious, S. A., Mander, A., Weir, C. J., König, F., Walton, M. K., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m115 · Cited by 156
Self-citationChanging Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases
Keller, L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · The Handbook of Behavior Change · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.006 · Cited by 147
Stanmore, E., Mavroeidi, A., de Jong, L. D., Skelton, D. A., Sutton, C., Benedetto, V., Munford, L. A., Meekes, W. M. A., Bell, V., & Todd, C. J. (2019) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1278-9 · Cited by 151
Beard, D. J., Davies, L. J., Cook, J. A., Stokes, J. R., Leal, J., Fletcher, H., Abram, S. G. F., Chegwin, K., Greshon, A., Jackson, W., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01424-6 · Cited by 131
Self-citationShould treatment effects be estimated in pilot and feasibility studies?
Sim, J. (2019) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-019-0493-7 · Cited by 123
Remdesivir for COVID-19: challenges of underpowered studies
Norrie, J. D. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31023-0 · Cited by 123
Changing Behavior Using the Health Action Process Approach
Schwarzer, R., & Hamilton, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.007 · Cited by 114
Huang, J., Yang, J., Liu, C., Li, L., Yang, D., Guo, C., Zeng, G., Song, J., Ma, J., Xu, X., et al. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2024.23466 · Cited by 106
Intra-Arterial Urokinase After Endovascular Reperfusion for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Liu, C., Guo, C., Li, F., Yu, N., Huang, J., Peng, Z., Kong, W., Song, J., Liu, X., Fan, S., et al. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2024.23480 · Cited by 102
Distal radius fractures in the elderly population
Luokkala, T., Laitinen, M., Hevonkorpi, T. P., Raittio, L., Mattila, V. M., & Launonen, A. P. (2020) · EFORT Open Reviews · doi:10.1302/2058-5241.5.190060 · Cited by 80
Rothwell, J. C., Julious, S. A., & Cooper, C. L. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2886-y · Cited by 73
Self-citationAlthouse, A. D., Below, J. E., Claggett, B. L., Cox, N. J., de Lemos, J. A., Deo, R. C., Duval, S., Hachamovitch, R., Kaul, S., Keith, S. W., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.055393 · Cited by 74
Composite outcomes for pain clinical trials: considerations for design and interpretation
Gewandter, J. S., McDermott, M., Evans, S. R., Katz, N. P., Markman, J. D., Simon, L. S., Turk, D. C., & Dworkin, R. H. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002188 · Cited by 70
Gardner, B., Rebar, A. L., & Lally, P. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.041 · Cited by 73
Betts, J. A., Gonzalez, J. T., Burke, L. M., Close, G. L., Garthe, I., James, L. J., Jeukendrup, A. E., Morton, J. P., Nieman, D. C., Peeling, P., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0326 · Cited by 63
Oliva‐Lozano, J. M., Muyor, J. M., Fortes, V., & McLaren, S. J. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1842513 · Cited by 63
Sample Size Estimation in Veterinary Epidemiologic Research
Stevenson, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.539573 · Cited by 62
Trebicka, J., Hernáez, R., Shawcross, D. L., & Gerbes, A. L. (2024) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330584 · Cited by 66
Changing Behavior Using Social Cognitive Theory
Łuszczyńska, A., & Schwarzer, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.003 · Cited by 81
Urgently seeking efficiency and sustainability of clinical trials in global health
Park, J., Grais, R. F., Taljaard, M., Nakimuli‐Mpungu, E., Jehan, F., Nachega, J. B., Ford, N. P., Xavier, D., Kengne, A. P., Ashorn, P., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30539-8 · Cited by 59
Dimairo, M., Pallmann, P., Wason, J., Todd, S., Jaki, T., Julious, S. A., Mander, A. P., Weir, C. J., Koenig, F., Walton, M. K., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04334-x · Cited by 58
“Criteria for claiming overall evidence (such as based on the probability of the treatment effect being above a certain value, targeted treatment effect of interest, and threshold for statistical significance [174, 175]); 4.”
Self-citationTarnow-Mordi, W. O., Abdellatif, M., Martin, A. J., Pammi, M., Robledo, K. P., Manzoni, P., Osborn, D. A., Lui, K., KEECH, A. C., Hague, W. E., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30093-6 · Cited by 54
Warner, L. M., & French, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.032 · Cited by 62
Hall, N. J., Sherratt, F. C., Eaton, S. D., Reading, I., Walker, E., Chorozoglou, M., Beasant, L., Wood, W., Stanton, M. P., Corbett, H. J., et al. (2021) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta25100 · Cited by 51
Changing Behavior Using Ecological Models
Salmon, J., Hesketh, K. D., Arundell, L., Downing, K. L., & Biddle, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.017 · Cited by 57
Essential statistical principles of clinical trials of pain treatments
Dworkin, R. H., Evans, S. R., Mbowe, O. B., & McDermott, M. (2020) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000863 · Cited by 52
Changing Behavior Using Self-Determination Theory
Hagger, M. S., Hankonen, N. E., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Ryan, R. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.008 · Cited by 67
Chen, J., Ho, M., Lee, K., Song, Y., Fang, Y., Goldstein, B. A., He, W., Irony, T., Jiang, Q., van der Laan, M. J., et al. (2021) · Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1080/19466315.2021.1883474 · Cited by 41
Mazzolari, R., Porcelli, S., Bishop, D. J., & Lakens, D. (2022) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep090171 · Cited by 44
Stocking, K., Wilkinson, J., Lensen, S. F., Brison, D. R., Roberts, S. A., & Vail, A. (2019) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dez017 · Cited by 39
Turner, J., Dunn, L., Tarnow‐Mordi, W., Flatley, C. J., Flenady, V., & Kumar, S. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.01.025 · Cited by 39
Planning and Implementation Intention Interventions
Rhodes, R. E., Grant, S. J., & de Bruijn, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.039 · Cited by 46
Attitudes and Persuasive Communication Interventions
Hamilton, K., & Johnson, B. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.031 · Cited by 44
Changing Behavior Using Habit Theory
Orbell, S., & Verplanken, B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.013 · Cited by 50
Changing Behavior: A Theory- and Evidence-Based Approach
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.001 · Cited by 47
Tarrant, M., Haslam, C., Carter, M., Calitri, R., & Haslam, S. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.044 · Cited by 38
Raftery, J. P., Williams, H. C., Clarke, A., Thornton, J., Norrie, J. D., Snooks, H. A., & Stein, K. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029596 · Cited by 36
Davies, L. J., Cook, J. A., Leal, J., Areia, C. M., Shirkey, B. A., Jackson, W., Campbell, H., Fletcher, H., Carr, A. J., Barker, K. L., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04298-y · Cited by 36
Self-citationChanging Behavior Using Integrated Theories
Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.015 · Cited by 44
Rombach, I., Knight, R., Peckham, N., Stokes, J. R., & Cook, J. A. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01598-7 · Cited by 34
Self-citationHadjistavropoulos, H. D., Peynenburg, V., Nugent, M., Karin, E., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100347 · Cited by 32
Changing Behavior Using the Transtheoretical Model
DiClemente, C. C., & Graydon, M. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.010 · Cited by 35
Gonzalez, J. T., Batterham, A. M., Atkinson, G., & Thompson, D. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.02.003 · Cited by 36
Effect of Probiotic Use on Antibiotic Administration Among Care Home Residents
Butler, C., Lau, M., Gillespie, D., Owen-Jones, E., Lown, M. T., Wootton, M., Calder, P. C., Bayer, A. J., Moore, M. V., Little, P. S., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8556 · Cited by 32
Changing Behavior Using the Health Belief Model and Protection Motivation Theory
Orbell, S., Zahid, H., & Henderson, C. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.004 · Cited by 35
Hemming, K., Javid, I., & Taljaard, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.01.014 · Cited by 29
Changing Behavior by Changing Environments
Marteau, T. M., Fletcher, P. C., Hollands, G. J., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.014 · Cited by 32
Integrated Strength and Fundamental Movement Skill Training in Children: A Pilot Study
Grainger, F., Innerd, A. L., Graham, M., & Wright, M. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7100161 · Cited by 33
New guidance to improve sample size calculations for trials: eliciting the target difference
Bell, M. L. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2894-y · Cited by 27
Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Behavior Change Interventions: A Ten-Task Guide
Abraham, C., & Denford, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.019 · Cited by 27
Changing Behavior Using the Reflective-Impulsive Model
Deutsch, R., & Strack, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.012 · Cited by 30
Goltz, F. R., Thackray, A. E., Atkinson, G., Lolli, L., King, J. A., Dorling, J. L., Dowejko, M., Mastana, S. S., & Stensel, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz062 · Cited by 29
Hutchins, K., Betts, J. A., Thompson, D., Hengist, A., & Gonzalez, J. T. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.02.024 · Cited by 25
Uhrenholt, L., Schlemmer, A., Hauge, E., Christensen, R., Dreyer, L., Suarez-Almazor, M. E., & Kristensen, S. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028517 · Cited by 25
Cutting edge or blunt instrument: how to decide if a stepped wedge design is right for you
Hooper, R., & Eldridge, S. M. (2020) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2020-011620 · Cited by 25
Dyadic Behavior Change Interventions
Scholz, U., Berli, C., Lüscher, J., & Knoll, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.043 · Cited by 26
Hjuler, K. F., Dige, A. K., Agnholt, J. S., Laurberg, T. B., Loft, A. G., Møller, L. F., Christensen, R., & Iversen, L. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041871 · Cited by 24
Haase, I., Winkeler, M., & Imgart, H. (2021) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13629 · Cited by 25
Developing Behavior Change Interventions
Hankonen, N. E., & Hardeman, W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.021 · Cited by 28
Kelter, R. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01341-7 · Cited by 25
A peer-led intervention to promote sexual health in secondary schools: the STASH feasibility study
Mitchell, K. R., Purcell, C., Forsyth, R., Barry, S., Hunter, R. M., Simpson, S. A., McDaid, L. M., Elliot, L., McCann, M., Wetherall, K., et al. (2020) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr08150 · Cited by 28
Rothman, A. J., Klein, W. M. P., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.020 · Cited by 26
Engels, M., Boß, L., Engels, J., Kuhlmann, R., Kuske, J., Lepper, S., Lesener, L., Pavlista, V., Diebig, M., Lunau, T., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12921-7 · Cited by 27
Imagery, Visualization, and Mental Simulation Interventions
Hagger, M. S., & Conroy, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.033 · Cited by 23
Changing Behavior Using the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation
Cameron, L. D., Fleszar‐Pavlović, S. E., & Khachikian, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.005 · Cited by 29
Marsden, J., Anders, P., Shaw, C., Amasiatu, C., Collate, W., Eastwood, B., Horgan, P., Khetani, M., Knight, J., Knight, S., et al. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102400 · Cited by 20
Engagement of Stakeholders in the Design, Evaluation, and Implementation of Complex Interventions
Hudson, J. L., Moon, Z., Hughes, L. D., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.024 · Cited by 20
Uri Gneezy, B., Kajackaite, A., & Meier, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.036 · Cited by 20
Exploring perceptions of meaningfulness in visual representations of bivariate relationships
Beribisky, N., Davidson, H. A., & Cribbie, R. A. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.6853 · Cited by 24
There is still a place for significance testing in clinical trials
Cook, J. A., Fergusson, D. A., Ford, I., Gönen, M., Kimmelman, J., Korn, E. L., & Begg, C. B. (2019) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774519846504 · Cited by 19
Self-citationAssmann, N., Jacob, G. A., Schaich, A., Berger, T., Zindler, T., Betz, L. T., Borgwardt, S., Arntz, A. R., Faßbinder, E., & Klein, J. P. (2025) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00063-x · Cited by 21
Marsden, J., Anders, P., Clark, H., Colocassis, K., Eastwood, B., Knight, J., Melaugh, A., Quinn, D. I., Wright, V., & Stannard, J. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4099-4 · Cited by 18
Ruiter, R. A. C., Crutzen, R., de Leeuw, E., & Kok, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.018 · Cited by 20
Kelter, R. (2022) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.12267 · Cited by 21
Watkins, J. D., Carter, S., Atkinson, G., Koumanov, F., Betts, J. A., Holst, J. J., & Gonzalez, J. T. (2022) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155375 · Cited by 20
Gemae, M. R., Akerman, A. P., McGarr, G. W., Meade, R. D., Notley, S. R., Schmidt, M. D., Rutherford, M. M., & Kenny, G. P. (2020) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep089073 · Cited by 18
Kyprianou, E., Lolli, L., Haddad, H. A., Salvo, V. D., Varley, M. C., Villanueva, A. M., Gregson, W. A., & Weston, M. (2019) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2019.1617433 · Cited by 17
Changing Behavior Using Social Identity Processes
Reynolds, K. J., Branscombe, N. R., Subašić, E., & Willis, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.016 · Cited by 21
Why proper understanding of confidence intervals and statistical significance is important
Hemming, K., & Taljaard, M. (2021) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.50926 · Cited by 16
How to Choose between Different Bayesian Posterior Indices for Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Kelter, R. (2021) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2021.1967716 · Cited by 19
How much is enough? Considering minimally important change in youth mental health outcomes
Krause, K. R., Hetrick, S. E., Courtney, D. B., Cost, K. T., Butcher, N. J., Offringa, M., Monga, S., Henderson, J., & Szatmari, P. (2022) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00338-8 · Cited by 15
The mixed-meal tolerance test as an appetite assay: methodological and practical considerations
King, J. A., Thackray, A. E., Gibbons, C., Martins, C., Broom, D. R., Stensel, D. J., Papamargaritis, D., Arsenyadis, F., Finlayson, G., Whelehan, G., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01866-7 · Cited by 16
Inoüe, R., Suzuki, K. M., Takaoka, M., Narumi, M., & Naito, Y. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13092068 · Cited by 15
Minimal clinically important difference in means in vulnerable populations: challenges and solutions
Peacock, J. L., Lo, J., Rees, J. R., & Sauzet, O. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052338 · Cited by 15
Boß, L., Angerer, P., Dragano, N., Ebert, D. D., Engels, M., Heber, E., Kuhlmann, R., Ruhle, S. A., Schwens, C., Wulf, I. C., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12229-y · Cited by 13
Kiernan, M., & Baiocchi, M. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac019 · Cited by 21
Behrendt, D., Boß, L., Hannibal, S., Kunzler, A. M., Wessa, M., & Lehr, D. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100649 · Cited by 18
Breathnach, S., Koutoukidis, D. A., Lally, P. J., Boniface, D. R., Sutherland, A., & Llewellyn, C. H. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105171 · Cited by 15
Courtney, D., Watson, P., Chan, B. W. C., BENNETT, K. J., Krause, K. R., Offringa, M., Butcher, N. J., Monga, S., Neprily, K., Zentner, T., et al. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23200 · Cited by 17
Farrow, L., Gardner, W. T., Ablett, A. D., Kutuzov, V., & Johnstone, A. J. (2021) · European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology · doi:10.1007/s00590-021-03137-3 · Cited by 14
Whiteley, R. J., Gregson, W. A., Bahr, R., Tabben, M., Chamari, K., Lolli, L., & Salvo, V. D. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14219 · Cited by 14
Shen, T., Thackray, A. E., King, J. A., Alotaibi, T. F., Alanazi, T. M., Willis, S. A., Roberts, M. J., Lolli, L., Atkinson, G., & Stensel, D. J. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003283 · Cited by 15
Rutherford, M. M., Akerman, A. P., Notley, S. R., Meade, R. D., Schmidt, M. D., & Kenny, G. P. (2020) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep089074 · Cited by 13
Webb, T. L., & de Bruin, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.037 · Cited by 16
Kho, M. C., Karin, E., Gucciardi, D. F., & Crane, M. F. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12420 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Cook, J. A., Julious, S. A., Sones, W., Hampson, L. V., Hewitt, C., Berlin, J. A., Ashby, D., Emsley, R., Fergusson, D. A., Walters, S. J., Wilson, E. C. F., Maclennan, G., Stallard, N., Rothwell, J. C., Bland, M., Brown, L., Ramsay, C. R., Cook, A., Armstrong, D., Altman, D., & Vale, L. D.
- Affiliations
- Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Novartis (Switzerland) (CH)
- University of York (GB)
- Johnson & Johnson (United States) (US)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (CA)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (GB)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cook, Jonathan A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Trials
- Published
- 2018-11-05
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 606-606
- ISSN
- 1745-6215 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6218987
- OpenAlex
- W2899988464
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 25.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- uO Research (University of Ottawa) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (N/A)
- National Institute for Health Research (N/A)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- sample size determination, randomized controlled trials, statistical power, primary outcomes, reporting guidelines, research funding, trial design
- MeSH terms
- Delphi Technique, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Guidelines as Topic, Sample Size, Research Report, Numbers Needed To Treat
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
