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Cited by 171Advanced Aircraft Design and TechnologiesBiodiesel Production and ApplicationsCatalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies

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Techno-economic and resource analysis of hydroprocessed renewable jet fuel

Open access
Tao, Ling, Milbrandt, Anelia, Zhang, Yanan, Wang, Wei-Cheng·2017·Biotechnology for Biofuels
DOI 10.1186/s13068-017-0945-3PMC PMC5679388
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Biomass-derived jet fuel is an alternative jet fuel (AJF) showing promise of reducing the dependence on fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emissions. Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) concept is also known as one of the pathways for producing bio jet fuel. HEFA fuel was approved by the American Society for Testing and Materials in 2011, and can be blended up to 50% with conventional jet fuel. Since then, several HEFA economic and life-cycle assessments have been published in literature. However, there have been limited analyses on feedstock availability, composition, and their impact on hydrocarbon yield (particularly jet blendstock yield) and overall process economics. RESULTS: fatty acids except pennycress, yellow grease, and mustard, which contain higher values and thus would require hydrocracking to improve jet fuel production. Coconut oil has a large content of shorter carbon fatty acids, making it a good feedstock candidate for renewable gasoline instead of jet substitutes' production. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) was performed for five selected oil feedstocks-camelina, pennycress, jatropha, castor bean, and yellow grease-using the HEFA process concept. CONCLUSION: The resource analysis indicates that oil crops currently grown in the United States (namely soybean) have relatively low oil yield when compared to oil crops grown in other parts of the world, such as palm, coconut, and jatropha. Also, non-terrestrial oil sources, such as animal fats and greases, have relatively lower prices than terrestrial oil crops. The minimum jet fuel selling price for these five resources ranges between $3.8 and $11.0 per gallon. The results of our TEA and resource studies indicate the key cost drivers for a biorefinery converting oil to jet hydrocarbons are as follows: oil price, conversion plant capacity, fatty acid profile, addition of hydrocracker, and type of hydroprocessing catalysts.

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  • Microalgae as feedstock promises both high productivity and availability of fatty acids readily convertible to BAF via HEFA.

    “Microalgae as feedstock promises both high productivity and availability of fatty acids readily convertible to BAF via HEFA (Ames 2014, Tao et al. 2017).”

    From Bio-aviation Fuel: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Supply Chain Components (2020) · cites this paper as Tao et al. 2017

    The Methods sections on Resource analysis and Process design call algae a promising biofuel feedstock and explicitly include algae among sources of oils for HEFA. They do not state that microalgae have high productivity or establish the claimed availability of fatty acids; algae were excluded from the paper’s analysis. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Low-cost and/or high yielding oil-seed crops, such as oil palm and jatropha, are going to be the feedstock choices for BAF production.

    “Low-cost and/or high yielding oil-seed crops, such as oil palm and jatropha, are going to be the feedstock choices for BAF production (Ernsting 2017, Tao et al. 2017).”

    From Bio-aviation Fuel: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Supply Chain Components (2020) · cites this paper as Tao et al. 2017

    The Methods (Resource analysis) select jatropha for analysis partly because of its high yield and note that jet fuel made from jatropha oil has been tested in aircraft. The Results (Feedstock analysis) identify palm and jatropha as relatively high-yielding crops, but do not predict that both will become feedstock choices for aviation biofuel; they say imported palm oil is primarily used by the food and chemical industries. The Conclusions also note uncertainty about jatropha’s development. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The current high price of microalgae bars its utilisation as biofuel feedstock.

    “Its current high price bars its utilisation as biofuel feedstock (Tao et al. 2017).”

    From Bio-aviation Fuel: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Supply Chain Components (2020) · cites this paper as Tao et al. 2017

    The Results, under Feedstock analysis, say that model-derived estimates indicate a prohibitively high price for algae as a biofuel feedstock. This supports a price barrier, but the claim presents the price as a current observed fact and says it bars use, whereas the paper qualifies the price as an estimate. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The price of oil is one of the main cost drivers of HEFA production in the USA.

    “The comprehensive techno-economic assessment of Tao et al. (2017) on HEFA in USA have also revealed the price of oil as one of the main cost drivers of production.”

    From Bio-aviation Fuel: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Supply Chain Components (2020) · cites this paper as Tao et al. 2017

  • UCO and animal fats are important in the choice of feedstocks for HEFA due to their relatively lower costs.

    “UCO and animal fats are going to be important in the choice of feedstocks for HEFA due to their relatively lower costs (Mandolesi de Araújo et al. 2013, Tao et al. 2017).”

    From Bio-aviation Fuel: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Supply Chain Components (2020) · cites this paper as Tao et al. 2017

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Metadata

Authors
Tao, L., Milbrandt, A., Zhang, Y., & Wang, W.-C.
Affiliations
National Laboratory of the Rockies (US)
Corresponding author
Tao, Ling
ORCID
Venue
Biotechnology for Biofuels
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-11-09
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
261-261
ISSN
1754-6834 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13068-017-0945-3
PMC
PMC5679388
OpenAlex
W2767565036
Cited by
171
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2
FWCI
4.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biotechnology for Biofuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
Funders
U.S. Department of Energy
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Biodiesel Production and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
Keywords
hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids, biojet fuel, alternative jet fuels, techno-economic analysis, Camelina sativa, Thlaspi arvense, Jatropha, Ricinus communis, yellow grease, coconut oil, fatty acid composition, hydrocracking, minimum selling price, hydroprocessing catalysts

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