An introduction to immunology and immunopathology
Open accessAbstract
Beyond structural and chemical barriers to pathogens, the immune system has two fundamental lines of defense: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the first immunological mechanism for fighting against an intruding pathogen. It is a rapid immune response, initiated within minutes or hours after aggression, that has no immunologic memory. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific; it has the capacity for memory, which enables the host to mount a more rapid and efficient immune response upon subsequent exposure to the antigen. There is a great deal of synergy between the adaptive immune system and its innate counterpart, and defects in either system can provoke illness or disease, such as inappropriate inflammation, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency disorders and hypersensitivity reactions. This article provides a practical overview of innate and adaptive immunity, and describes how these host defense mechanisms are involved in both heath and illness.
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Chronic inflammatory cytokines can exacerbate neurodegeneration.
“which, when chronic, can exacerbate neurodegeneration [2–4]”
From Alzheimer’s disease-associated protective variant Plcg2-P522R modulates peripheral macrophage function in a sex-dimorphic manner (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
The Immunopathology > Inflammation section says that overproduction of inflammatory cytokines drives inflammation and that poorly regulated inflammation can cause tissue damage. It does not address neurodegeneration, so it does not support that specific consequence (searched: neurodegeneration, neurodegenerative, brain, neurons). (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMacrophages are one of the main producers of inflammatory cytokines.
“macrophages are known to be one of the main producers of inflammatory cytokines”
From Alzheimer’s disease-associated protective variant Plcg2-P522R modulates peripheral macrophage function in a sex-dimorphic manner (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
The Innate immunity section identifies macrophages as innate immune cells and discusses inflammatory cytokine production, but does not identify macrophages as producers of those cytokines. Searches for macrophages as major producers of inflammatory cytokines found no passage making that connection or ranking their contribution. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Research works printed but not linked: 9
- [1]Turvey SE Broide DH Innate immunity J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 125 Suppl 2 S24 S32 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.016 19932920 PMC2832725 · DOI
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- [7]Rajan TV The Gell-Coombs classification of hypersensitivity reactions: a re-interpretation Trends Immunol 2003 24 376 379 10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00142-X 12860528 · DOI
- [8]Castro C Gourley M Diagnostic testing and interpretation of tests for autoimmunity J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 125 Suppl 2 S238 S247 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.041 20061009 PMC2832720 · DOI
- [9]Notarangelo LD Primary immunodeficiencies J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 125 Suppl 2 S182 S194 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.053 20042228 · DOI
- [10]Chinen J Shearer WT Secondary immunodeficiencies, including HIV infection J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 125 Suppl 2 S195 S203 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.040 20042227 PMC6151868 · DOI
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Self-citationThe Causes and Consequences of Trained Immunity in Myeloid Cells
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RISING STARS: androgens and immune cell function
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Staley, H. A., Jernigan, J. E., Bolen, M. L., Titus, A. M., Neighbarger, N., Cole, C., Menees, K. B., Wallings, R. L., & Tansey, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03271-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“These cells are considered to be the body’s first line of defense, and are main propagators of inflammation, which has been shown to exacerbate neurodegeneration [2–4].”
Background
- Authors
- Marshall, J. S., Warrington, R., Watson, W., & Kim, H. L.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- Western University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Marshall, Jean S.
- Venue
- Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- S2
- ISSN
- 1710-1484 (ISSN-L)
- 1710-1492
- PMC
- PMC6156898
- OpenAlex
- W4249816251
- Cited by
- 1,165
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 280 · 2023: 228 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 17.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Mspace (University of Manitoba) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Shire Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- innate immunity, adaptive immunity, immunopathology, immunological memory, autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, inflammation, host defense
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