CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 106Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineOrthopaedic implants and arthroplastyPolymer Surface Interaction Studies

Foreign body response to synthetic polymer biomaterials and the role of adaptive immunity

Open access
Kyriakides, Themis R, Kim, Hyun-Je, Zheng, Christy, Harkins, Lauren, Tao, Wanyun, Deschenes, Emily·2022·Biomedical Materials
DOI 10.1088/1748-605x/ac5574PMC PMC9159526
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Implanted biomaterials elicit a series of distinct immune and repair-like responses that are collectively known as the foreign body reaction (FBR). These include processes involving innate immune inflammatory cells and wound repair cells that contribute to the encapsulation of biomaterials with a dense collagenous and largely avascular capsule. Numerous studies have shown that the early phase is dominated by macrophages that fuse to form foreign body giant cells that are considered a hallmark of the FBR. With the advent of more precise cell characterization techniques, specific macrophage subsets have been identified and linked to more or less favorable outcomes. Moreover, studies comparing synthetic- and natural-based polymer biomaterials have allowed the identification of macrophage subtypes that distinguish between fibrotic and regenerative responses. More recently, cells associated with adaptive immunity have been shown to participate in the FBR to synthetic polymers. This suggests the existence of cross-talk between innate and adaptive immune cells that depends on the nature of the implants. However, the exact participation of adaptive immune cells, such as T and B cells, remains unclear. In fact, contradictory studies suggest either the independence or dependence of the FBR on these cells. Here, we review the evidence for the involvement of adaptive immunity in the FBR to synthetic polymers with a focus on cellular and molecular components. In addition, we examine the possibility that such biomaterials induce specific antibody responses resulting in the engagement of adaptive immune cells.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1088/1748-605x/ac5574

Cites

146 of 146 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Synthetic materials are known to induce foreign body reaction because they lack interactions with immune cells and resistance to degradation by proteolytic enzymes.

    “Synthetic materials are known to induce this reaction because they lack interactions with immune cells [3,4] and resistance to degradation by proteolytic enzymes.”

    From Immune Response to Extracellular Matrix Bioscaffolds: A Comprehensive Review (2025) · cites this paper as [3]

    The citation is attached to the claim that synthetic materials lack interactions with immune cells. The Abstract says instead that cells associated with adaptive immunity participate in the foreign body reaction to synthetic polymers, and the Introduction (‘Biomaterials and the FBR’) describes cellular interactions following implantation. The paper supports that these materials can elicit a foreign body reaction, but not the asserted explanation. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Unlike synthetic implants, ECM bioscaffolds interact dynamically with host cells and promote constructive tissue remodeling.

    “Unlike synthetic materials, which often elicit chronic inflammation or fibrotic encapsulation [3,4], ECM bioscaffolds engage with host cells in a dynamic manner, facilitating constructive healing [5].”

    From Immune Response to Extracellular Matrix Bioscaffolds: A Comprehensive Review (2025) · cites this paper as [3]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [6]Manam NS, Harun WSW, Shri DNA, Ghani SAC, Kurniawan T, Ismail MH and Ibrahim MHI 2017 Study of corrosion in biocompatible metals for implants: A review J Alloy Compd. 701 698– 715
  2. [44]Lishko VK, Kudryk B, Yakubenko VP, Yee VC and Ugarova TP 2002 Regulated unmasking of the cryptic binding site for integrin alpha M beta 2 in the gamma Cdomain of fibrinogen Biochemistry. 41 12942– 51 12390020
  3. [62]Abbas AK, Lichtman AH and Pillai S 2020 Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System (Philadelphia: Elsevier)

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Kyriakides, T. R., Kim, H.-J., Zheng, C., Harkins, L., Tao, W., & Deschenes, E.
Affiliations
Yale University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Biomedical Materials
Publisher
IOP Publishing
Published
2022-03-01
Volume
17
Issue
2
Pages
022007
ISSN
  • 1748-6041 (ISSN-L)
  • 1748-605X
DOI
10.1088/1748-605x/ac5574
PMC
PMC9159526
OpenAlex
W4213050961
Cited by
106
References
146
Citations by year
2026: 38 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 5
FWCI
4.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biomedical Materials (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH grant DK115969 (T.R.K.))
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Orthopaedic implants and arthroplasty
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Surfaces, Coatings and Films › Polymer Surface Interaction Studies
Keywords
foreign body reaction, adaptive immunity, macrophage subsets, foreign body giant cells, T cells, B cells, antibody response, implant biocompatibility
MeSH terms
Biocompatible Materials, Foreign Bodies, Foreign-Body Reaction, Humans, Polymers, Adaptive Immunity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review