CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 35Malaria Research and ControlMosquito-borne diseases and controlDengue and Mosquito Control Research

Spatial distribution of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato larvae in the urban environment of Yaoundé, Cameroon

Open access
Djamouko-Djonkam, Landre, Mounchili-Ndam, Souleman, Kala-Chouakeu, Nelly, Nana-Ndjangwo, Stella Mariette, Kopya, Edmond, Sonhafouo-Chiana, Nadége, Talipouo, Abdou, Ngadjeu, Carmene Sandra +6 more·2019·Infectious Diseases of Poverty
DOI 10.1186/s40249-019-0597-6PMC PMC6784347
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: The rapid and unplanned urbanization of African cities is considered to increase the risk of urban malaria transmission. The present study objective was to assess factors influencing the spatio-temporal distribution of Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methods: All water bodies were checked once every 2 months for the presence of mosquito larvae from March 2017 to May 2018 in 32 districts of Yaoundé. Physico-chemical characteristics including the size, depth, turbidity, pH, temperature, conductivity, sulfates, organophosphates, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), conductivity, iron and calcium were recorded and analyzed according to anopheline larvae presence or absence. High resolution satellite images from landsat sentinel Enhanced Thematic Mapper were used for spatial mapping of both field and environmental variables. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify variables closely associated with anopheline larvae distribution. Results: A total of 18 696 aquatic habitats were checked and only 2942 sites (15.7%) contained anopheline larvae. A high number of sites with anopheline larvae (≥ 69%) presented late instar larvae (L3, L4 and pupae). Anopheline mosquito larvae were sampled from a variety of breeding sites including puddles (51.6%), tire prints (12.9%), wells (11.7%) and drains (11.3%). Bivariate logistic regression analyses associated anopheline larvae presence with the absence of predators, absence of algae, absence of vegetation and depth of less than 1 m. Conductivity, turbidity, organophosphates, H 2 O 2 and temperature were significantly high in breeding sites with anopheline larvae than in breeding sites without these larvae (P < 0.1). Anopheline species collected included An. coluzzii (91.1%) and An. gambiae s.s. (8.9%). GIS mapping indicated a heterogeneous distribution of anopheline breeding habitats in the city of Yaoundé. Land cover analysis indicated high variability of the city of Yaoundé’s landscape. Conclusions: The data confirms adaptation of An. gambiae s.l. to the urban domain in the city of Yaoundé and calls for urgent actions to improve malaria vector control.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s40249-019-0597-6

Cites

8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 65

  1. [1]Hay SI Guerra CA Tatem AJ Atkinson PM Snow RW Urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in Africa Nat Rev Microbiol 2005 3 81 90 10.1038/nrmicro1069 15608702 PMC3130901 · DOI · Paper page
  2. [2]Keiser J Utzinger J Caldas de Castro M Smith TA Tanner M Singer BH Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004 71 118 127 10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.118 15331827 · DOI
  3. [5]Eder M Cortes F Teixeira de Siqueira Filha N Araújo de França GV Degroote S Braga C Scoping review on vector-borne diseases in urban areas: transmission dynamics, vectorial capacity and co-infection Infect Dis Poverty 2018 7 1 90 10.1186/s40249-018-0475-7 30173661 PMC6120094 · DOI
  4. [7]Kigozi R Baxi S Gasasira A Sserwanga A Kakeeto S Nasr S Indoor residual spraying of insecticide and malaria morbidity in a high transmission intensity area of Uganda PLoS One 2012 7 e42857 10.1371/journal.pone.0042857 22880123 PMC3412792 · DOI
  5. [8]Fournet F Jourdain F Bonnet E Degroote S Ridde V Effective surveillance systems for vector-borne diseases in urban settings and translation of the data into action: a scoping review Infect Dis Poverty. 2018 7 1 99 10.1186/s40249-018-0473-9 30217142 PMC6137924 · DOI
  6. [9]Pastorino B Muyembe-Tamfum JJ Bessaud M Tock F Tolou H Epidemic resurgence of chikungunya virus in democratic Republic of the Congo: identification of a new central African strain J Med Virol 2004 74 2 277 282 10.1002/jmv.20168 15332277 · DOI
  7. [10]Leroy EM Nkoghe D Ollomo B Nze-Nkogue C Becquart P Grard G Concurrent chikungunya and dengue virus infections during simultaneous outbreaks, Gabon, 2007 Emerg Infect Dis 2009 15 4 591 593 10.3201/eid1504.080664 19331740 PMC2671412 · DOI
  8. [11]Moyen N Thiberville SD Pastorino B Nougairede A Thirion L Mombouli JV First reported chikungunya fever outbreak in the republic of Congo, 2011 PLoS One 2014 9 12 e115938 10.1371/journal.pone.0115938 25541718 PMC4277398 · DOI
  9. [12]Greenwood B The epidemiology of malaria Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1997 91 763 769 10.1080/00034983.1997.11813201 9625932 · DOI
  10. [14]Doumbe-Belisse P Ngadjeu C Sonhafouo-Chiana N Talipouo A Djamouko-Djonkam L Kopya E High malaria transmission sustained by Anopheles gambiae s.l. occurring both indoors and outdoors in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Wellcome Open Research 2018 3 164 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14963.1 30756096 PMC6364383 · DOI · Paper page
  11. [15]Antonio-Nkondjio C Defo-Talom B Tagne-Fotso R Tene-Fossog B Ndo C Lehman L High mosquito burden and malaria transmission in a district of the city of Douala, Cameroon BMC Infect Dis 2012 12 275 10.1186/1471-2334-12-275 23106909 PMC3532071 · DOI
  12. [16]Mourou J Coffinet T Jarjaval F Pradines B Amalvict R Rogier C Malaria transmission and insecticide resistance of Anopheles Gambia in Libreville and Port-Gentil, Gabon Malar J 2010 9 321 10.1186/1475-2875-9-321 21070655 PMC2995799 · DOI
  13. [17]Mourou JR Coffinet T Jarjaval F Cotteaux C Pradines E Godefroy L Malaria transmission in Libreville: results of a one year survey Malar J 2012 11 40 10.1186/1475-2875-11-40 22321336 PMC3310827 · DOI
  14. [18]Onwujekwe O Dike N Ojukwu J Uzochukwu B Ezumah N Shu E Consumers stated and revealed preferences for community health workers and other strategies for the provision of timely and appropriate treatment of malaria in Southeast Nigeria Malar J 2006 5 117 10.1186/1475-2875-5-117 17140449 PMC1698927 · DOI
  15. [19]Tene Fossog B Kopya E Ndo C Menze-Djantio B Costantini C Njiokou F Water quality and Anopheles gambiae larval tolerance to pyrethroids in the cities of Douala and Yaounde (Cameroon) J Trop Med 2012 2012 429817 10.1155/2012/429817 22719775 PMC3376768 · DOI
  16. [20]Kamdem C Fossog BT Simard F Etouna J Ndo C Kengne P Anthropogenic habitat disturbance and ecological divergence between incipient species of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae PLoS One 2012 7 e39453 10.1371/journal.pone.0039453 22745756 PMC3382172 · DOI
  17. [21]Mlacha YP Chaki PP Mwakalinga VM Govella NJ Limwagu AJ Paliga JM Fine scale mapping of malaria infection clusters by using routinely collected health 1 facility data in urban Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Geospat Health 2017 12 1 294 10.4081/gh.2017.494 28555474 · DOI
  18. [22]Antonio-Nkondjio C Tene Fossog B Kopya E Poumachu Y Menze Djantio B Ndo C Rapid evolution of pyrethroid resistance prevalence in Anopheles gambiae populations from the cities of Douala and Yaounde (Cameroon) Malar J 2015 14 155 10.1186/s12936-015-0675-6 25879950 PMC4403825 · DOI
  19. [23]Nwane P Etang J Chouaibou M Toto J Kerah-Hinzoumbe C Mimpfoundi R Trends in DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s. populations from urban and agro-industrial settings in southern Cameroon BMC Infect Dis 2009 9 163 10.1186/1471-2334-9-163 19793389 PMC2764715 · DOI
  20. [24]Tusting LS Thwing J Sinclair D Fillinger U Gimnig J Bonner KE Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013 8 CD008923 PMC4669681 23986463
  21. [25]Maheu-Giroux M Castro MC Impact of community-based larviciding on the prevalence of malaria infection in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania PLoS One 2013 8 8 e71638 10.1371/journal.pone.0071638 23977099 PMC3743749 · DOI
  22. [26]Mpofu M Becker P Mudambo K de Jager C Field effectiveness of microbial larvicides on mosquito larvae in malaria areas of Botswana and Zimbabwe Malar J 2016 15 1 586 10.1186/s12936-016-1642-6 27923385 PMC5139019 · DOI
  23. [27]Afrane YA Mweresa NG Wanjala CL Gilbreath Iii TM Zhou G Lee MC Evaluation of long-lasting microbial larvicide for malaria vector control in Kenya Malar J 2016 15 577 10.1186/s12936-016-1626-6 27903292 PMC5131428 · DOI
  24. [28]Fillinger U Ndenga B Githeko A Lindsay SW Integrated malaria vector control with microbial larvicides and insecticide-treated nets in western Kenya: a controlled trial Bull World Health Organ 2009 87 655 665 10.2471/BLT.08.055632 19784445 PMC2739910 · DOI
  25. [29]Fillinger U Lindsay SW Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: myths and reality Malar J 2011 10 353 10.1186/1475-2875-10-353 22166144 PMC3273449 · DOI
  26. [30]Mbare O Fillinger U Lindsay S Dose response tests and semi field evaluation of lethal and sub-lethal effects of slow release pyriproxifen granules (Sumilarv0.5G) for the control of the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae sensu lato Malar J 2013 12 94 10.1186/1475-2875-12-94 23497149 PMC3600021 · DOI
  27. [32]Muema JM Bargul JL Njeru SN Onyango JO Imbahale SS Prospects for malaria control through manipulation of mosquito larval habitats and olfactory-mediated behavioural responses using plant-derived compounds Parasit Vectors 2017 10 1 184 10.1186/s13071-017-2122-8 28412962 PMC5392979 · DOI
  28. [33]Robert V Macintyre K Keating J Trape J Duchemin J Warren M Malaria transmission in urban sub-saharan Africa Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 68 169 176 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.169 12641407 · DOI
  29. [34]Dongus S Nyika D Kannady K Mtasiwa D Mshinda H Fillinger U Participatory mapping of target areas to enable routine comprehensive larviciding of malaria vector mosquitoes in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Int J Health Geogr 2007 6 37 10.1186/1476-072X-6-37 17784963 PMC2025588 · DOI
  30. [35]Bousema T Stresman G Baidjoe AY Bradley J Knight P Stone W The impact of hotspot-targeted interventions on malaria transmission in Rachuonyo South District in the Western Kenyan highlands: a cluster-randomized controlled trial PLoS Med 2016 13 4 e1001993 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001993 27071072 PMC4829260 · DOI
  31. [37]Suchel JB Quelques remarques à propos de la répartition des pluies au Cameroun durant la période sèche 1969-1973 Hommes et Terres du Nord 1983 3 1 24 28 10.3406/htn.1983.1881 · DOI
  32. [40]Kabaria CW Molteni F Mandike R Chacky F Noor AM Snow RW Mapping intra-urban malaria risk using high resolution satellite imagery: a case study of Dar Es Salaam Int J Health Geogr 2016 15 1 26 10.1186/s12942-016-0051-y 27473186 PMC4967308 · DOI · Paper page
  33. [41]Moran PA Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena Biometrika. 1950 37 17 23 10.1093/biomet/37.1-2.17 15420245 · DOI · Paper page
  34. [43]Service M Mosquito ecology. Field sampling methods 1993 London and New York Elsevier Applied Science
  35. [46]Santolamazza F Calzetta M Etang J Distribution of knock-down resistance mutations in Anopheles gambiae molecular forms in west and west-Central Africa Malar J 2008 7 74 10.1186/1475-2875-7-74 18445265 PMC2405802 · DOI · Paper page
  36. [47]Livak KJ Schmittgen TD Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method Methods. 2001 25 4 402 408 10.1006/meth.2001.1262 11846609 · DOI · Paper page
  37. [48]Mbida Mbida A Etang J Akono Ntonga P Eboumbou Moukoko C Awono-Ambene P Tagne D Nouvel aperçu sur l’écologie larvaire d’Anopheles coluzzii Coetzee et Wilkerson, 2013 dans l’estuaire du Wouri, Littoral-Cameroun Bull SociÉTÉ Pathol Exot 2017 110 2 92 101 10.1007/s13149-016-0519-9 27783371 · DOI
  38. [49]Kenea O Balkew M Gebre-Michael T Environmental factors associated with larval habitats of anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in irrigation and major drainage areas in the middle course of the rift valley, Central Ethiopia J Vector Borne Dis 2011 48 85 92 21715730
  39. [50]Mweresa CK Mukabana WR Omusula P Otieno B Van Loon JJA Takken W Enhancing attraction of African malaria vectors to a synthetic odor blend J Chem Ecol 2016 42 6 508 516 10.1007/s10886-016-0711-1 27349651 · DOI
  40. [51]Gimonneau G Pombi M Choisy M Morand S Dabiré RK Simard F Larval habitat segregation between the molecular forms of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae in a rice field area of Burkina Faso, West Africa Med Vet Entomol 2012 26 1 9 17 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00957.x 21501199 PMC3140611 · DOI · Paper page
  41. [52]Simard F Ayala D Kamdem G Pombi M Etouna J Ose K Ecological niche partitioning between Anopheles gambiae molecular forms in Cameroon: the ecological side of speciation BMC Ecol 2009 9 17 10.1186/1472-6785-9-17 19460146 PMC2698860 · DOI
  42. [53]Tene-Fossog B Ayala D Acevedo P Kengne P Ngomo I Makanga B Habitat segregation and ecological character displacement in cryptic African malaria mosquitoes Evol Appl 2015 8 326 345 10.1111/eva.12242 25926878 PMC4408144 · DOI · Paper page
  43. [54]Tene Fossog B Poupardin R Costantini C Awono-Ambene H Wondji C Ranson H Resistance to DDT in an urban setting: common mechanisms implicated in both M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae in the city of Yaoundé Cameroon PLoS One 2013 8 e61408 10.1371/journal.pone.0061408 23626680 PMC3634070 · DOI
  44. [56]Caminade C McIntyre KM Jones AE Impact of recent and future climate change on vector-borne diseases Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019 1436 1 157 173 10.1111/nyas.13950 30120891 PMC6378404 · DOI
  45. [58]Knight TM Chase JM Goss CW Knight JJ Effects of interspecific competition, predation, and their interaction on survival and development time of immature Anopheles quadrimaculatus J Vector Ecol 2004 29 277 284 15707287
  46. [61]Wellborn GA Skelly DK Werner EE Mechanisms creating community structure across a freshwater habitat gradient Ann Rev Ecol System 1996 27 1 337 363 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.337 · DOI
  47. [62]Mwangangi JM Muturi EJ Shililu J Muriu SM Jacob B Kabiru EW Survival of immature Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in aquatic habitats in Mwea rice irrigation scheme, Central Kenya Malar J 2006 5 114 10.1186/1475-2875-5-114 17125501 PMC1698490 · DOI
  48. [63]Frank LD Sallis JF Saelens BE Leary L Cain L Conway TL The development of a walkability index: application to the neighborhood quality of life study Br J Sports Med 2010 44 924 933 10.1136/bjsm.2009.058701 19406732 · DOI
  49. [64]Roux O Robert V Larval predation in malaria vectors and its potential implication in malaria transmission: an overlooked ecosystem service? Parasit Vectors 2019 12 1 217 10.1186/s13071-019-3479-7 31068213 PMC6505304 · DOI
  50. [65]Collins C Bonds J Quinlan M Mumford J Effects of the removal or reduction in density of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae sl, on interacting predators and competitors in local ecosystems Med Vet Entomol 2019 33 1 1 15 10.1111/mve.12327 30044507 PMC6378608 · DOI
  51. [66]Mereta ST Yewhalaw D Boets P Ahmed A Duchateau L Speybroeck N Physico- chemical and biological characterization of anopheline mosquito larval habitats (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for malaria control Parasit Vectors 2013 6 320 10.1186/1756-3305-6-320 24499518 PMC4029358 · DOI
  52. [68]Djouaka R Riveron JM Yessoufou A Tchigossou G Akoton R Irving H Multiple insecticide resistance in an infected population of the malaria vector an. Funestus in Benin Parasit Vectors 2016 9 453 10.1186/s13071-016-1723-y 27531125 PMC4987972 · DOI
  53. [69]Djouaka R Atoyebi SM Tchigossou G Riveron JM Irving H Akoton R Evidence of a multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in south West Nigeria Malar J 2016 15 565 10.1186/s12936-016-1615-9 27876039 PMC5120565 · DOI
  54. [70]Chouaïbou MS Fodjo BK Fokou G Allassane OF Koudou BG David JP Influence of the agrochemicals used for rice and vegetable cultivation on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in southern Côte d’Ivoire Malar J 2016 15 1 426 10.1186/s12936-016-1481-5 27553959 PMC4995742 · DOI
  55. [71]Chouaibou M Etang J Brevault T Nwane P Hinzoumbe CK Mimpfoundi R Dynamics of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from an area of extensive cotton cultivation in northern Cameroon Tropical Med Int Health 2008 13 476 486 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02025.x 18248566 · DOI
  56. [72]Antonio-Nkondjio C Poupardin R Tene BF Kopya E Costantini C Awono-Ambene P Investigation of mechanisms of bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae populations from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon Malar J 2016 15 1 424 10.1186/s12936-016-1483-3 27549778 PMC4994282 · DOI
  57. [73]Antonio-Nkondjio C Sonhafouo-Chiana N Ngadjeu CS Doumbe-Belisse P Talipouo A Djamouko-Djonkam L Review of the evolution of insecticide resistance in main malaria vectors in Cameroon from 1990 to 2017 Parasit Vectors 2017 10 472 10.1186/s13071-017-2417-9 29017590 PMC5635606 · DOI
  58. [74]Ngom R. Spatial and statistical prediction of urban malaria in Yaoundé: a social and environmental modelling approach for health promotion: Dissertation, Heidelberg University; 2010. http://opus.bszbw.de/phhd/volltexte
  59. [75]Antonio-Nkondjio C Fossog B Ndo C Djantio B Togouet S Awono-Ambene P Anopheles gambiae distribution and insecticide resistance in the cities of Douala and Yaounde (Cameroon): influence of urban agriculture and pollution Malar J 2011 10 154 10.1186/1475-2875-10-154 21651761 PMC3118161 · DOI
  60. [76]Silva AX Jander G Samaniego H Ramsey JS Figueroa CC Insecticide resistance mechanisms in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) I: a transcriptomic survey PLoS One 2012 7 e36366 10.1371/journal.pone.0036366 22685538 PMC3369866 · DOI
  61. [77]Keating J MacIntyre K Mbogo C Githeko A Regens JL Swalm C A geographic sampling strategy for studying relationships between human activity and malaria vectors in urban Africa Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 68 357 365 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.357 12685645 · DOI
  62. [78]De Silva PM Marshall JM Factors contributing to urban malaria transmission in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review J Trop Med 2012 2012 819563 10.1155/2012/819563 23125863 PMC3483782 · DOI · Paper page
  63. [79]Ageep TB Cox J Hassan MM Knols BG Benedict MQ Malcolm CA Spatial and temporal distribution of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis in northern Sudan: influence of environmental factors and implications for vector control Malar J 2009 8 1 123 10.1186/1475-2875-8-123 19500425 PMC2698915 · DOI
  64. [80]Tokarz R Novak RJ Spatial–temporal distribution of Anopheles larval habitats in Uganda using GIS/remote sensing technologies Malar J 2018 17 1 420 10.1186/s12936-018-2567-z 30419917 PMC6233375 · DOI
  65. [81]Lutambi AM Chitnis N Briët OJ Smith TA Penny MA Clustering of vector control interventions has important consequences for their effectiveness: a modelling study PLoS One 2014 9 5 e97065 10.1371/journal.pone.0097065 24823656 PMC4019655 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Djamouko-Djonkam, L., Mounchili-Ndam, S., Kala-Chouakeu, N., Nana-Ndjangwo, S. M., Kopya, E., Sonhafouo-Chiana, N., Talipouo, A., Ngadjeu, C. S., Doumbe-Belisse, P., Bamou, R., Toto, J. C., Tchuinkam, T., Wondji, C. S., & Antonio-Nkondjio, C.
Affiliations
  • Université de Dschang (CM)
  • Université de Yaoundé I (CM)
  • Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (CM)
  • Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Infectious Diseases of Poverty
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-10-09
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
84-84
ISSN
2049-9957 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s40249-019-0597-6
PMC
PMC6784347
OpenAlex
W2979422482
Cited by
35
References
8
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5
FWCI
5.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Infectious Diseases of Poverty (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Wellcome Trust (202687/Z/16/Z)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
Keywords
Anopheles gambiae s.l., mosquito larvae, urban malaria, mosquito breeding sites, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles gambiae s.s., water physicochemical parameters, urbanization, Yaoundé, malaria vector control, spatiotemporal variation
MeSH terms
Animals, Anopheles, Cameroon, Cities, Environment, Larva, Pupa, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Animal Distribution

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review