Feasibility of a virtual reality-based interactive feedback program for modifying dysfunctional communication: a preliminary study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Functional communication is vital in many areas of daily life, and modifying dysfunctional communication has been emphasized in various social areas, including family and school. The present preliminary study addressed the feasibility of a virtual reality (VR)-based interactive feedback program for the modification of dysfunctional communication. METHODS: Thirty-seven healthy young males completed psychological assessments associated with functional communication and participated in the VR-based program, consisting of the three tasks of 'exploring the communication style,' 'practicing functional communication,' and 'expressing empathy.' Behavioral parameters were recorded based on the participants' choices among available options and the visual analog scale scores that resulted in responses to questions in the tasks. RESULTS: Participants completed the program without dropping-out and reported 10.76 (SD, 9.66) in the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire and 106.97 (SD, 16.66) in the Presence Questionnaire. In exploring the communication style, there was no difference between the dysfunction level-with family and dysfunction level-with a friend, but only the dysfunction level-with family showed significant correlations with the level of communication with parents. In practicing functional communication, the communication scores with the placating, blaming, and computing styles significantly increased according to the repetition of trials. In expressing empathy, the empathetic feeling score was negatively correlated with the perspective-taking score, whereas the emotional intensity score was positively correlated with the level of differentiation of the self. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the program may have a tolerable level of cybersickness, an adequate level of presence, an improvement in the behavioral parameters that may reflect the important aspects of communication, and a proper reflection of psychological states or interpersonal characteristics. The use of this program can be an important starting point for the development of a more convenient method for delivering VR programs designed to modify dysfunctional communication, which can further increase computerized dissemination.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The physiological safety of the VR-STINAT was comparable to that observed in previous studies on VR.
“The physiological safety of the VR-STINAT was comparable to that observed in previous studies on VR (57).”
From A virtual reality-based self-guided training on identification of negative automatic thoughts in healthy adults: a mixed-methods feasibility study (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
The Discussion (page not provided) compares cybersickness scores for the paper’s own communication-training VR program with a previously reported VR score and describes its cybersickness as acceptable. The paper does not study VR-STINAT, so it cannot establish that program’s physiological safety. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An Enhanced Method for Quantifying Simulator Sickness
Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1993) · The International Journal of Aviation Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap0303_3 · Cited by 5,457 · see citing works
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J., & Dunbar, G. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)83296-8 · Cited by 3,513 · see citing works
Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research on teaching
Campbell, D. T. (1963) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,524 · see citing works
1. Family Therapy: An Overview
Roy, R., & Frankel, H. (1995) · University of Toronto Press eBooks · doi:10.3138/9781487580377-003 · Cited by 917 · see citing works
Parent-Adolescent Communication and the Circumplex Model
Barnes, H. L., & OLSON, D. H. L. (1985) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129732 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
The Factor Structure of the Presence Questionnaire
Witmer, B. G., Jerome, C. J., & Singer, M. J. (2005) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474605323384654 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Sharples, S., Cobb, S. V. G., Moody, A., & Wilson, J. R. (2007) · Displays · doi:10.1016/j.displa.2007.09.005 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Mahaffey, B. A. (2016) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Marriage, Family, and Couples Counseling · doi:10.4135/9781483369532.n108 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
The Differentiation of Self Inventory: Development and initial validation.
Skowron, E. A., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.235 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture
Wood, J. T. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Virtual Reality and Pain Management: Current Trends and Future Directions
Li, A., Montaño, Z., Chen, V. J., & Gold, J. I. (2011) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.10.15 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Job Interview Training in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Smith, M. J., Ginger, E. J., Wright, K., Wright, M. A., Taylor, J. L., Humm, L. B., Olsen, D. E., Bell, M. D., & Fleming, M. F. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2113-y · Cited by 401 · see citing works
The Satir Model : Family Therapy and Beyond
Satir, V. M., & Banmen, J. (1991) · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Introduction to Communication Studies
Fiske, J. (2010) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203837382 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
A Social Virtual Reality Based Construction Safety Education System for Experiential Learning
Le, Q. T., Pedro, A., & Park, C. (2014) · Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems · doi:10.1007/s10846-014-0112-z · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Ip, H. H. S., Wong, S. W. L., Chan, D. F. Y., Byrne, J., Li, C., Yuan, V. S. N., Lau, K. S.-Y., & Wong, J. Y. W. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.09.010 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender and Culture
Shade, L. R. (1995) · Canadian Journal of Communication · doi:10.22230/cjc.1995v20n1a860 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Park, K., Ku, J. H., Choi, S., Jang, H.-J., Park, J., Kim, S. I., & Kim, J. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.003 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationRamchandani, P. G., Psychogiou, L., Vlachos, H., Iles, J. E., Sethna, V., Netsi, E., & Lodder, A. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20814 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Validation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index in a Chinese Context
Siu, A. M. H., & Shek, D. T. L. (2005) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731504270384 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Ling, Y., Nefs, H. T., Morina, N., Heynderickx, I., & Brinkman, W.-P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096144 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Timm, T. M., & Keiley, M. K. (2011) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2011.564513 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Virtual reality and situated experiential education: A conceptualization and exploratory trial
Schott, C., & Marshall, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12293 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Use of immersive virtual reality to assess episodic memory: A validation study in older adults
Corriveau‐Lecavalier, N., Ouellet, É., Boller, B., & Belleville, S. (2018) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2018.1477684 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Marable, E. L. (1984) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/0738-3991(84)90076-4 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Using a 3D Virtual Supermarket to Measure Food Purchase Behavior: A Validation Study
Waterlander, W. E., Jiang, Y., Steenhuis, I. H., & Mhurchú, C. N. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3774 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Satir Step by Step: A Guide to Creating Change in Families
Clark, T. E. (1985) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.597_4.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Baghcheghi, N., Koohestani, H. R., & Rezaei, K. (2011) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2011.01.006 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Role-Play Using SBAR Technique to Improve Observed Communication Skills in Senior Nursing Students
Kesten, K. S. (2011) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20101230-02 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Williamson, H. C., Altman, N., Hsueh, J., & Bradbury, T. N. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000056 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Ouellet, É., Boller, B., Corriveau‐Lecavalier, N., Cloutier, S., & Belleville, S. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.03.010 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Chen, M., Bell, R., & Taylor, L. (2016) · Journal of health communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1177147 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Latent Structure of the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index in Methadone Maintenance Patients
Alterman, A. I., McDermott, P. A., Cacciola, J. S., & Rutherford, M. J. (2003) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1025936213110 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kim, H. E., Hong, Y.-J., Kim, M.-K., Jung, Y. H., Kyeong, S., & Kim, J.-J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.017 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationLindner, P., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00792 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Virtual Reality and Interactive Simulation for Pain Distraction: Table 1
Wiederhold, M. D., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2007) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00381.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Noordman, J., Post, B., van Dartel, A. A. M., Slits, J. M. A., & Hartman, T. O. (2019) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1555-5 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Law, G. C. Y., Neihart, M., & Dutt, A. S. K. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316683887 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Schneider, C., & Arnot, M. (2018) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2018.05.005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Traumatic brain injury: future assessment tools and treatment prospects
Flanagan, S. R. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s1985 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Interventions for Personal Development: A Meta-Analysis of Hardware and Software
Howard, M. C. (2018) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2018.1469408 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Satir Model: Yesterday and Today
Banmen, J. (2002) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1014365304082 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Satir Step by Step: A Guide to Creating Change in Families
Martin, D., Satir, V. M., & Baldwin, M. (1986) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/583654 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Sheehy, L., Taillon‐Hobson, A., Sveistrup, H., Bilodeau, M., Yang, C. P., Welch, V. A., Hossain, A., & Finestone, H. M. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3438-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Family Therapy: Models and Techniques
Rasheed, J. M., Rasheed, M. N., & Marley, J. A. (2010) · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Pilot Study for Assessing the Behaviors of Patients with Schizophrenia towards a Virtual Avatar
Ku, J. H., Jang, H. J., Kim, K. U., Park, S. H., Kim, J., Kim, C. H., Nam, S. W., Kim, I. Y., & Kim, S. I. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.531 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationLima‐Rodríguez, J. S., Lima‐Serrano, M., Picón, N. J., & Domínguez-Sánchez, I. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Family Material Hardship and Chinese Adolescents’ Problem Behaviors: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
Sun, W., Li, D., Zhang, W., Bao, Z., & Wang, Y. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128024 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stamou, G., García-Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2018) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-018-0240-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A Virtual Reality Food Court to Study Meal Choices in Youth: Design and Assessment of Usability
Allman-Farinelli, M. A., Ijaz, K., Tran, H., Pallotta, H., Ramos, S., Liu, J., Wellard‐Cole, L., & Calvo, R. A. (2018) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/12456 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Virginia Satir: An Integrated, Humanistic Approach
Haber, R. (2002) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1014317420921 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Virtual reality prototype for measurement of expression characteristics in emotional situations
Han, K., Ku, J. H., Kim, K. K., Jang, H. J., Park, J., Kim, J., Kim, C. H., Choi, M., Kim, I. Y., & Kim, S. I. (2009) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2008.12.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationContext-Aware Systems for Chronic Disease Patients: Scoping Review
Yin, K., Laranjo, L., Tong, H. L., Lau, A. Y. S., Kocaballi, A. B., Martin, P. B., Vagholkar, S., & Coiera, E. W. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/10896 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Utilizing technology to improve intraoperative family communication
Wieck, M. M., Blake, B., Sellick, C., Kenron, D., DeVries, D., Terry, S., & Krishnaswami, S. (2017) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.03.014 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
仮想通貨普及に関する一考察－マルチエージェント・シミュレーションを用いて－
志朗, 上. (2017) · Computers & Education · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Health Care Communication Technology and Improved Access, Continuity, and Relationships
Linder, J. A., & Levine, D. M. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.0692 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of the Satir Model on Mental Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Lau, W. K., Leung, P. P. Y., & Chung, C. L. (2018) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731518819829 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lima‐Rodríguez, J. S., Lima‐Serrano, M., Picón, N. J., & Domínguez-Sánchez, I. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.4321/s1135-57272012000500005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Distinguishing Family from Friends
O’Gorman, R., & Roberts, R. (2017) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-017-9292-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
SATIR FOR BEGINNERS: Incongruent Communication Patterns in Romantic Fiction
Moore, M., & Kramer, D. (1999) · ETC.: A Review of General Semantics · doi:10.66774/etc_5604_429 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Recursive Frame Analysis of Satir through the Biopsychosocial Lens
Pelak, D. J. (2016) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2214 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
VR interventions aimed to induce empathy: a scoping review
Trevena, L., Paay, J., & McDonald, R. L. (2024) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-024-00946-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Measurement of Empathy in Virtual Reality with Head-Mounted Displays: A Systematic Review
Lee, Y., Shin, H., & Gil, Y.-H. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3372076 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rooman, C., Sterkens, P., Schelfhout, S., Royen, A. V., Baert, S., & Derous, E. (2021) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1982025 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kim, J., Jung, Y. H., Shin, Y., Kim, M.-K., Eom, H., Kim, E. J., Kim, J., & Kim, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0311 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationQueiroz, A. C. M., Bailenson, J. N., Blair, K. P., Schwartz, D. L., Thille, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2025) · Computers & Education X Reality · doi:10.1016/j.cexr.2025.100108 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Feasibility of the virtual reality-based assessments in patients with panic disorder
Kim, B.-H., Kim, J., Oh, J., Kim, S., Han, C., Jeong, H., Lee, M., & Kim, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1084255 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, J., Jung, Y. H., Baek, K.-D., Hong, Y.-J., Jeong, H. S., & Kim, J. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12052424 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, B., Liao, C., Yang, Y., Shi, B., Zhang, C., & Li, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1479207 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Potential and Challenges of Virtual Reality as an Adjunctive Treatment of Depression Patients
Kim, J., & Kim, Y. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4402-2_15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationTrevena, L., Paay, J., McDonald, R. L., & Williams, J. L. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2404188 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Klos, S., Müller, C. E.-M., Burwick, S., Döpfner, M., & Goertz‐Dorten, A. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-026-01481-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Using Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Situational Research
Vaca-Quintana, D. F., Buades‐Rotger, M., & Gallardo‐Pujol, D. (2026) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000947 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Maurović, I., Gašević, G. R., & Mirosavljević, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26629-4.00045-9
Pang, Y., Qin, Q., Liu, Z., Wu, Q., Wang, J., Cao, X., & Ren, K. W. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106233
Kim, E., Jang, Y., Park, B., Kim, H. E., Kim, B.-H., & Kim, J.-J. (2026) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2026.1729909
Self-citationCho, Y., Kim, S., Kim, H. E., Kim, J., Kim, B.-H., Kim, J., & Kim, J.-J. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117197
Self-citationHaitoglou, D. (2026) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.70147
- Authors
- Kim, J., Jung, Y. H., Shin, Y.-B., Kim, M.-K., Eom, H., Kim, E., Kim, J., & Kim, J.-J.
- Affiliations
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Venue
- BMC Psychology
- Published
- 2020-05-14
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-50
- ISSN
- 2050-7283 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7227289
- OpenAlex
- W3024967279
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2015M3C7A1065053)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Education › Social Skills and Education
- Keywords
- virtual reality, dysfunctional communication, functional communication, empathy, communication styles, cybersickness, presence, perspective taking, self-differentiation, family communication, feasibility
- MeSH terms
- Virtual Reality, Adult, Communication Disorders, Emotions, Empathy, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Pilot Projects, Surveys and Questionnaires
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
