Brain autopsies of critically ill COVID-19 patients demonstrate heterogeneous profile of acute vascular injury, inflammation and age-linked chronic brain diseases
Open accessAbstract
Background: This study examined neuropathological findings of patients who died following hospitalization in an intensive care unit with SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Data originate from 20 decedents who underwent brain autopsy followed by ex-vivo imaging and dissection. Systematic neuropathologic examinations were performed to assess histopathologic changes including cerebrovascular disease and tissue injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory response. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and fixed tissues were evaluated for the presence of viral RNA and protein. Results: The mean age-at-death was 66.2 years (range: 26–97 years) and 14 were male. The patient’s medical history included cardiovascular risk factors or diseases (n = 11, 55%) and dementia (n = 5, 25%). Brain examination revealed a range of acute and chronic pathologies. Acute vascular pathologic changes were common in 16 (80%) subjects and included infarctions (n = 11, 55%) followed by acute hypoxic/ischemic injury (n = 9, 45%) and hemorrhages (n = 7, 35%). These acute pathologic changes were identified in both younger and older groups and those with and without vascular risk factors or diseases. Moderate-to-severe microglial activation were noted in 16 (80%) brains, while moderate-to-severe T lymphocyte accumulation was present in 5 (25%) brains. Encephalitis-like changes included lymphocytic cuffing (n = 6, 30%) and neuronophagia or microglial nodule (most prominent in the brainstem, n = 6, 30%) were also observed. A single brain showed vasculitis-like changes and one other exhibited foci of necrosis with ball-ring hemorrhages reminiscent of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy changes. Chronic pathologies were identified in only older decedents: 7 brains exhibited neurodegenerative diseases and 8 brains showed vascular disease pathologies. CSF and brain samples did not show evidence of viral RNA or protein. Conclusions: Acute tissue injuries and microglial activation were the most common abnormalities in COVID-19 brains. Focal evidence of encephalitis-like changes was noted despite the lack of detectable virus. The majority of older subjects showed age-related brain pathologies even in the absence of known neurologic disease. Findings of this study suggest that acute brain injury superimposed on common pre-existing brain disease may put older subjects at higher risk of post-COVID neurologic sequelae.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Brains from COVID patients also show ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions, as well as microglial activation, which can be seen in many AD patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
“Additionally, brains from COVID patients also show ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions, as well as microglial activation [79], which can be seen in many AD patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy [80].”
From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
Glycolysis pathway genes were maximally expressed at different points in global AD progression for each region (pathology diagnosis by ABC score).
“Finally, we noticed that the glycolysis pathway genes were maximally expressed at different points in global AD progression for each region (pathology diagnosis by ABC score)29,30.”
From Single-cell multiregion dissection of Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123 · see citing works
Mirra, S. S., Heyman, A., McKeel, D., Sumi, S. M., Crain, B. J., Brownlee, L. M., Vogel, F. S., Hughes, J. P., Belle, G. V., Berg, L., et al. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.4.479 · Cited by 4,961 · see citing works
Hyman, B. T., Phelps, C. H., Beach, T. G., Bigio, E. H., Cairns, N. J., Carrillo, M. C., Dickson, D. W., Duyckaerts, C., Frosch, M. P., Masliah, E., et al. (2012) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.10.007 · Cited by 3,092 · see citing works
Self-citationMixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons
Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Bang, W., & Bennett, D. A. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000271090.28148.24 · Cited by 1,992 · see citing works
Self-citationLimbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report
Nelson, P. T., Dickson, D. W., Trojanowski, J. Q., Jack, C. R., Boyle, P. A., Arfanakis, K., Rademakers, R., Alafuzoff, I., Attems, J., Brayne, C., et al. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz099 · Cited by 1,547 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series
Matschke, J., Lütgehetmann, M., Hagel, C., Sperhake, J. P., Schröder, A. S., Edler, C., Mushumba, H., Fitzek, A., Allweiss, L., Dandri, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30308-2 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Neuropathological features of Covid-19
Solomon, I. H., Normandin, E., Bhattacharyya, S., Mukerji, S. S., Keller, K., Ali, A. S., Adams, G., Hornick, J. L., Padera, R. F., & Sabeti, P. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2019373 · Cited by 815 · cited 3× · see citing works
“To date, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the brain is not consistent across studies, most studies did not confirm presence of virus within the brain [29, 31]while others report very low levels of detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA and viral protein brains [5, 6].”
BackgroundMethodArvanitakis, Z., Capuano, A. W., Leurgans, S. E., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30029-1 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Self-citationSchurink, B., Roos, E., Radonic, T. R., Barbé, E., Bouman, C. S. C., de Boer, H. H., de Bree, G. J., Bulle, E., Aronica, E., Florquin, S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30144-0 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Reichard, R. R., Kashani, K. B., Boire, N. A., Constantopoulos, E., Guo, Y., & Lucchinetti, C. F. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02166-2 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cognitive outcomes in community-based older persons
Boyle, P. A., Yu, L., Nag, S., Leurgans, S., Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000002175 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Self-citationPathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2: the Mount Sinai COVID-19 autopsy experience
Bryce, C., Grimes, Z., Pujadas, E., Ahuja, S., Beasley, M. B., Albrecht, R. A., Hernandez, T., Stock, A., Zhao, Z., AlRasheed, M. R., et al. (2021) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1038/s41379-021-00793-y · Cited by 412 · see citing works
COVID-19 neuropathology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital
Thakur, K. T., Miller, E. H., Glendinning, M. D., Al‐Dalahmah, O., Banu, M. A., Boehme, A. K., Boubour, A., Bruce, S. S., Chong, A. M., Claassen, J., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab148 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Hippocampal sclerosis and <scp>TDP</scp> ‐43 pathology in aging and <scp>A</scp> lzheimer disease
Nag, S., Yu, L., Capuano, A. W., Wilson, R. S., Leurgans, S. E., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2015) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24388 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationCOVID-19-associated vasculitis and vasculopathy
Becker, R. C. (2020) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-020-02230-4 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment, decline and fluctuations in older community-dwelling subjects with Lewy bodies
Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Yu, L., Boyle, P. A., Leurgans, S. E., & Bennett, D. A. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws234 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationFrequency of Neurologic Manifestations in COVID-19
Misra, S., Kolappa, K., Prasad, M., Radhakrishnan, D. M., Thakur, K. T., Solomon, T., Michael, B. D., Winkler, A. S., Beghi, E., Guekht, A. B., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012930 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Neurovascular injury with complement activation and inflammation in COVID-19
Lee, M. H., Perl, D. P., Steiner, J. P., Pasternack, N., Li, W., Maric, D., Safavi, F., Horkayne‐Szakaly, I., Jones, R., Stram, M. N., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac151 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Nigral pathology and parkinsonian signs in elders without Parkinson disease
Buchman, A. S., Shulman, J. M., Nag, S., Leurgans, S. E., Arnold, S. E., Morris, M. C., Schneider, J. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2011) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22588 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2
Bauer, L., Laksono, B. M., de Vrij, F. M. S., Kushner, S. A., Harschnitz, O., & van Riel, D. A. J. (2022) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2022.02.006 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): A Review
Ahmed, M. U., Hanif, M., Ali, M. J., Haider, M. A., Kherani, D., Memon, G. M., Karim, A. H., & Sattar, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00518 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
COVID-19 Neurologic Complication with CNS Vasculitis-Like Pattern
Hanafi, R., Roger, P.-A., Périn, B., Kuchcinski, G., Deleval, N., Dallery, F., Michel, D., Hacein‐Bey, L., Pruvo, J., Outteryck, O., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a6651 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Neurologic manifestations in an infant with COVID-19
Dugue, R., Cay-Martínez, K. C., Thakur, K. T., Garcia, J. A., Chauhan, L. V., Williams, S. H., Briese, T., Jain, K., Foca, M. D., McBrian, D. K., et al. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000009653 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Haller, S., Kövari, E., Herrmann, F. R., Cuvinciuc, V., Tomm, A.-M., Zulian, G. B., Lövblad, K., Giannakopoulos, P., & Bouras, C. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/2051-5960-1-14 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
COVID‐19‐related neuropathology and microglial activation in elderly with and without dementia
Poloni, T. E., Medici, V., Moretti, M., Visoná, S. D., Cirrincione, A., Carlos, A. F., Davin, A., Gagliardi, S., Pansarasa, O., Cereda, C., et al. (2021) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12997 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
SARS‐CoV‐2 and the brain: A review of the current knowledge on neuropathology in COVID‐19
Maiese, A., Manetti, A. C., Bosetti, C., Duca, F. D., Russa, R. L., Frati, P., Paolo, M. D., Turillazzi, E., & Fineschi, V. (2021) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.13013 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Microvascular injury and hypoxic damage: emerging neuropathological signatures in COVID-19
Jaunmuktane, Z., Mahadeva, U., Green, A. C., Sekhawat, V., Barrett, N. A., Childs, L., Shankar‐Hari, M., Thom, M., Jäger, H. R., & Brandner, S. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02190-2 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Arfanakis, K., Evia, A. M., Leurgans, S. E., Cardoso, L. F. C., Kulkarni, A. P., Alqam, N., Lopes, L. F., Vieira, D. M., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190687 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationDyspneic and non-dyspneic (silent) hypoxemia in COVID-19: Possible neurological mechanism
Nouri‐Vaskeh, M., Sharifi, A., Khalili, N., Zand, R., & Sharifi, A. (2020) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106217 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Neuropathological findings in two patients with fatal COVID‐19
Jensen, M. P., Quesne, J. P. C. L., Officer‐Jones, L., Teodòsio, A., Thaventhiran, J. E. D., Ficken, C., Goddard, M. J., Smith, C., Menon, D. K., & Allinson, K. S. J. (2020) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12662 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Veleri, S. (2021) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-021-06244-z · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Mehta, R. I., Mehta, R. I., Choi, J., Mukherjee, A. K., & Castellani, R. J. (2014) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2014.09.011 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationJavierre‐Petit, C., Schneider, J. A., Kapasi, A., Makkinejad, N., Tamhane, A. A., Leurgans, S. E., Mehta, R. I., Barnes, L. L., Bennett, D. A., & Arfanakis, K. (2020) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.029388 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationCerebral nervous system vasculitis in a Covid-19 patient with pneumonia
Vaschetto, R., Cena, T., Sainaghi, P. P., Meneghetti, G., Bazzano, S., Vecchio, D., Pirisi, M., Brustia, D., Barini, M., Cammarota, G., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.032 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Agrawal, S., Yu, L., Nag, S., Arfanakis, K., Barnes, L. L., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-021-01260-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationVascular endotheliitis associated with infections: Its pathogenetic role and therapeutic implication
Hattori, Y., Hattori, K., Machida, T., & Matsuda, N. (2022) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114909 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A Rare Case of Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis in a COVID-19 Patient
Yong, M. H., Chan, Y. F. Z., Liu, J., Sanamandra, S. K., Kheok, S. W., Lim, K. C., & Sewa, D. W. (2020) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.117035 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kudliński, B., Zgoła, D., Stolińska, M., Murkos, M., Kania, J., Nowak, P., Noga, A., Wojciech, M., Zaborniak, G., & Zembroń-Łacny, A. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12040859 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Covid-19-associated acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalomyelitis
Handa, R., Nanda, S., Prasad, A., Anand, R., Zutshi, D., Dass, S. K., Bedi, P. K., Pahuja, A., Shah, P. K., & Sharma, B. (2020) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04703-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kim, H. K., Cho, Y. J., & Lee, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2021.17.3.435 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cerebral Vasculitis in a COVID-19 Confirmed Postpartum Patient: A Case Report
Chua, A. M. U., Jamora, R. D. G., Jose, A. C. E., & Anlacan, V. M. M. (2021) · Case Reports in Neurology · doi:10.1159/000515815 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Walker, J. M., Gilbert, A., Bieniek, K. F., & Richardson, T. E. (2021) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlab036 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Acute necrotic hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis related to COVID-19: a report of 2 cases
Alqahtani, A. A., Alaklabi, A., Kristjansson, S., Alharthi, H. A., Aldhilan, S., & Alam, H. (2021) · Radiology Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2021.05.072 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nag, S., Chen, E., Johnson, R. W., Tamhane, A., Arfanakis, K., & Schneider, J. A. (2021) · Free Neuropathology · doi:10.17879/freeneuropathology-2021-3638 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [27]Nag S Ex vivo MRI facilitates localization of cerebral microbleeds of different ages during neuropathology assessment Free Neuropathol 2021 2 35 PMC10209859 37284642
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Single-cell multiregion dissection of Alzheimer’s disease
Mathys, H., Boix, C. A., Akay, L. A., Xia, Z., Davila-Velderrain, J., Ng, A. P., Jiang, X., Abdelhady, G., Galani, K., Mantero, J., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07606-7 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-Term Effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brain: Clinical Consequences and Molecular Mechanisms
Granholm, A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12093190 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Engineered Wnt7a ligands rescue blood–brain barrier and cognitive deficits in a COVID-19 mouse model
Trevino, T. N., Fogel, A., Otkiran, G., Niladhuri, S. B., Sanborn, M. A., Class, J., Almousawi, A. A., Vanhollebeke, B., Tai, L. M., Rehman, J., et al. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae031 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lebrun, L., Absil, L., Remmelink, M., Mendonça, R. D., D’Haene, N., Gaspard, N., Rusu, Ș., Racu, M.-L., Collin, A. M., Allard, J., et al. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01566-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Trevino, T. N., Almousawi, A. A., Robinson, K. F., Fogel, A., Class, J., Minshall, R. D., Tai, L. M., Richner, J. M., & Lutz, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578309 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A year in review: brain barriers and brain fluids research in 2022
Keep, R. F., Jones, H. C., Hamilton, M. G., & Drewes, L. R. (2023) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00429-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Unraveling the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein long-term effect on neuro-PASC
Menezes, F., Palmeira, J. D. F., Oliveira, J. D. S., Argañaraz, G. A., Soares, C. R. J., Nóbrega, O. D. T., Ribeiro, B. M., & Argañaraz, E. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1481963 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Physical activity status prevents symptoms of long covid: Sulcovid-19 survey
Rocha, J. Q. S., Caputo, E. L., Vieira, Y. P., Afonso, M. D. S., Duro, S. M. S., & Saes, M. D. O. (2023) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-023-00782-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
On the merits and potential of advanced neuroimaging techniques in COVID-19: A scoping review
van der Knaap, N., Aries, M. J. H., van der Horst, I. C. C., & Jansen, J. F. A. (2024) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103589 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Role of TDP-43 in SARS-CoV-2-Related Neurodegenerative Changes
Kim, D., Kim, J., Jeon, M., Kim, K., Kim, D.-G., & Choi, I.-S. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17050724 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Babkina, A. S., Yadgarov, M. Y., Lyubomudrov, M. A., Ostrova, I. V., Volkov, A. V., Kuzovlev, A. N., Grechko, A. V., & Golubev, A. M. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11051407 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Madden, N., Mei, Y. Z., Jakubiak, K. A., Li, J., Hargus, G., Goldman, J. E., & Al‐Dalahmah, O. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1198219 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gong, S., Deng, B., Yu, H., Zhang, X., Yang, W., & Chen, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1499082 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Neurovascular and hemodynamic responses to mental stress and exercise in severe COVID-19 survivors
Faria, D., Moll-Bernardes, R. J., Testa, L., Moniz, C. M. V., Rodrigues, É. C., Mota, J. M., de Souza, F. R., Alves, M. J. D. N. N., Ono, B. E., Izaías, J. E., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00111.2023 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Update on Central Nervous System Effects of the Intersection of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2
Ocampo, F. F., Promsena, P., & Chan, P. (2023) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-023-00676-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neurological Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2
Miftahof, J., Bernauer, B., & Tan, C. S. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17111432 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Postmortem neuropathology in COVID ‐19: An update
Younger, D. S. (2023) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.13204 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease?
Brutkiewicz, R. R., Cao, W., Morgan, D., Reis, R. S. D., Suryadevara, V., Willette, A. A., Willette, S. A., Wyatt-Johnson, S. K., & Duggan, M. R. (2025) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2025.05.009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ghosh, S., & Sarma, J. D. (2025) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10252-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Caveolin-1 mediates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in SARS-CoV-2 infectionPreprint
Trevino, T. N., Fogel, A. B., Minshall, R. D., Richner, J. M., & Lutz, S. E. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.563024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shull, T. L., Bhimalli, P. P., Welninski, S. J., Cho, B.-K., Mattamana, B. B., Arivalagan, J., Tarhoni, I., Goo, Y. A., Schneider, J. A., Agrawal, S., et al. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.03.031 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimaging findings of COVID-19: a systematic review on longitudinal studies
Nabizadeh, F., Fallahi, M. S., Zafari, R., KamaliZonouzi, S., Khodkam, M., Alilou, S., & Aarabi, M. H. (2024) · Neurology Letters · doi:10.61186/nl.3.1.27 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Diaconu, I. E. (2024) · The Medical-Surgical Journal · doi:10.22551/msj.2024.01.03 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neuropathological Findings in the Brains of Deceased COVID-19 Patients
Shergill, A., Omalu, B. I., Conner, P., & Wilson, M. (2025) · American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology · doi:10.1097/paf.0000000000001010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID ‐19
Nieuwland, J. M., Scaramuzza, A., Bugiani, M., van de Berg, W. D. J., & Middeldorp, J. (2026) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.70101 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Role of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Brain Cells
Azargoonjahromi, A. (2024) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2023.0116 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liou, J., Santini, T., Li, J., Gireud, M., Patel, V., Adeyemi, O. F., de Erausquin, G. A., Garbarino, V. R., Habes, M., Himali, J. J., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.11.13.24317121 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neck, S. D., Penrice-Randal, R., Neves, L. X., Seehusen, F., Sharma, P., Helminger, B., Kirby, A., Mega, D., Erdmann, M., Zanella, M., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637145 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Park, E., Liu, E., & Baker, A. J. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149333
Libard, S., & Alafuzoff, I. I. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.1177/25424823251386016
Lebrun, L., Absil, L., Remmelink, M., Mendonça, R. D., D’Haene, N., Gaspard, N., Rusu, Ș., Racu, M.-L., Collin, A. M., Allard, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588388
Lebrun, L., Absil, L., Remmelink, M., Mendonça, R. D., D’Haene, N., Gaspard, N., Rusu, Ș., Racu, M.-L., Collin, A. M., Allard, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588376
Lebrun, L., Absil, L., Remmelink, M., Mendonça, R. D., D’Haene, N., Gaspard, N., Rusu, Ș., Racu, M.-L., Collin, A. M., Allard, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588385
Lebrun, L., Absil, L., Remmelink, M., Mendonça, R. D., D’Haene, N., Gaspard, N., Rusu, Ș., Racu, M.-L., Collin, A. M., Allard, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588382
Lebrun, L., Absil, L., Remmelink, M., Mendonça, R. D., D’Haene, N., Gaspard, N., Rusu, Ș., Racu, M.-L., Collin, A. M., Allard, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588379
Bakare, I. S., Olaiya, V. O., Badero, O. J., & Okirie, C. F. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.101817
Ziaka, M., Zagalioti, S., Zgouridou, A., Fyntanidou, B., & Exadaktylos, A. (2026) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s575001
Neuropathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Hiya, S., Maldonado‐Díaz, C., Slocum, C., Walker, J. M., Richardson, T. E., & Umphlett, M. (2026) · Diagnostic histopathology · doi:10.1016/j.mpdhp.2026.06.005
Jarrar, B. M., Almansour, M. I., Al-Doaiss, A. A., Jarrar, Q., & Sewelam, A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9773651/v1
Revisiting What HIV in the Brain Can Teach Us About SARS-CoV-2 Neurological Complications
Taher, L., Arellano, J., & Al‐Harthi, L. (2026) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1177/08892229261491499
Self-citation
- Authors
- Agrawal, S., Farfel, J. M., Arfanakis, K., Al-Harthi, L., Shull, T., Teppen, T. L., Evia, A. M., Patel, M. B., Ely, E. W., Leurgans, S. E., Bennett, D. A., Mehta, R., & Schneider, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Agrawal, Sonal
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica Communications
- Published
- 2022-12-17
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 186-186
- ISSN
- 2051-5960 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9758667
- OpenAlex
- W4312066463
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10
- FWCI
- 4.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG058639, R01AG058639-02S2)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, brain autopsy, neuropathology, cerebrovascular disease, cerebral infarction, hypoxia-ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, microglial activation, neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation, ICU mortality, cerebral vasculitis
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Autopsy, Brain, Encephalitis, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, RNA, Viral, Critical Illness, Vascular System Injuries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
