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Mapping landscape in Longshan period’s hierarchical society (3000–2000BCE) of North Loess Plateau: from archaeological predictive model to GIS spatial analysis
Abstract
On the North Loess Plateau of China, city civilization, social complexity, and stratification emerged during the Longshan period (3000-2000BCE). Based on Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis and archaeological predictive model, we conducted a comparative analysis of environmental characteristics between sites and non-sites, ordinary and walled city sites, as well as large and smaller city sites. Initially, we developed a Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) model to predict the locations of archaeological sites from this period. Our findings indicate a high predictive accuracy of the model, demonstrating a clear environmental preference by the people of the Longshan Period. The presence or absence of the site was found to be influenced by various factors, including temperature, elevation, river distance, and precipitation. Furthermore, we discovered that walled cities had higher environmental requirements compared to ordinary sites. Terrain and land use played a more significant role in shaping prehistoric cities than climate. Lastly, the landscape in the Shimao site, which served as a most crucial and largest settlement centers on the North Loess Plateau (NLP), resembled that of other minor walled cities. Due to its abundant grassland, Shimao relied more on animal husbandry rather than agriculture. The combination of agriculture and animal husbandry has promoted the urbanization processes.
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“Studies have demonstrated a marked preference for certain altitude ranges which offer more favorable environmental conditions (Abou Diwan, 2020;Cui, 2024;Duffy et al., 2023).”
From Predictive modeling for targeted archaeological survey of arsacid period sites in the iranian borderland region of the araxes river valley (2026) · cites this paper as Cui, 2024
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“Proximity to water is a critical aspect that greatly determines settlement patterns (Cui, 2024;Duffy et al., 2023;Yaworsky et al., 2020).”
From Predictive modeling for targeted archaeological survey of arsacid period sites in the iranian borderland region of the araxes river valley (2026) · cites this paper as Cui, 2024
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“Slope is defined as ground steepness, a common variable in archaeological predictive models (Cui, 2024;Duffy et al., 2023).It is closely related to cultivation potential as flat locations are preferred for agricultural activities due to the lower costs of labor and resources required for land modification.”
From Predictive modeling for targeted archaeological survey of arsacid period sites in the iranian borderland region of the araxes river valley (2026) · cites this paper as Cui, 2024
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The first Neolithic urban center on China's north Loess Plateau: The rise and fall of Shimao
Sun, Z., Shao, J., Li, L., Cui, J., Bonomo, M. F., Guo, Q., Wu, X., & Wang, J. (2017) · Archaeological Research in Asia · doi:10.1016/j.ara.2017.02.004 · Cited by 88
Self-citationA predictive model of archaeological potential: An example from northwestern Belize
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Cited by
Wang, J., Soroush, M., Maziar, S., & Khazraee, E. (2026) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-025-09733-5 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Cui, J.
- Venue
- Heritage Science
- Published
- 2024-03-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2050-7445
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 36
- Language
- en
- Licence
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, China (22JJD70053)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41571190)
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- Cui, J. (2024). Mapping landscape in Longshan period’s hierarchical society (3000–2000BCE) of North Loess Plateau: from archaeological predictive model to GIS spatial analysis. Heritage Science. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01194-5
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