Cited by 257Physical Activity and HealthMobile Health and mHealth ApplicationsContext-Aware Activity Recognition Systems

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The Effect of Physical Activity Interventions Comprising Wearables and Smartphone Applications on Physical Activity: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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Gal, Roxanne, May, Anne M., van Overmeeren, Elon J., Simons, Monique, Monninkhof, Evelyn M.·2018·Sports Medicine - Open

DOI 10.1186/s40798-018-0157-9PMC PMC6120856

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Worldwide physical activity levels of adults are declining, which is associated with increased chronic disease risk. Wearables and smartphone applications offer new opportunities to change physical activity behaviour. This systematic review summarizes the evidence regarding the effect of wearables and smartphone applications on promoting physical activity. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for RCTs, published since January 2008, on wearables and smartphone applications to promote physical activity. Studies were excluded when the study population consisted of children or adolescents, the intervention did not promote physical activity or comprised a minor part of the intervention, or the intervention was Internet-based and not accessible by smartphone. Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane collaboration tool. The primary outcome was changed in physical activity level. Meta-analyses were performed to assess the pooled effect on (moderate-to-vigorous) physical activity in minutes per day and daily step count. RESULTS: = 90%). When removing studies with an unclear or high risk of bias, intervention effects improved and statistical heterogeneity was removed. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis showed a small to moderate effect of physical activity interventions comprising wearables and smartphone applications on physical activity. Hence, wearables and smartphone applications are likely to bring new opportunities in delivering tailored interventions to increase levels of physical activity.

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Fig. 1 Flow diagram of trial selection, adapted from PRISMA. PA physical activity, RCT randomized controlled trialCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Risk of bias graph: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studiesCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 3 Risk of bias summary: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. Green symbols represent a low risk of bias, yellow symbols represent an unclear risk of bias and the red symbols indicate a high risk of biasCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 4 Forest plot of the effect of wearables and smartphone applications versus control on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in minutes per day. CI confidence interval, IV inverse variance, RoB risk of bias, SD standard deviation, Std standardizedCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 5 Forest plot of the effect of wearables and smartphone applications versus control on daily step count. CI confidence interval, IV inverse variance, RoB risk of bias, SD standard deviation, Std standardizedCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 6 Forest plot of the effect of wearables and smartphone applications versus control on other outcomes. CI confidence interval, IV inverse variance, MET metabolic equivalent of task, SD standard deviation, Std standardizedCC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: Gal, R., May, A. M., van Overmeeren, E. J., Simons, M., & Monninkhof, E. M.
Affiliations: Utrecht University (NL)
Corresponding author: Gal, Roxanne
ORCID: Gal, Roxanne
May, Anne M.
Simons, Monique
Monninkhof, Evelyn M.
Venue: Sports Medicine - Open
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-09-03
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 42-42
ISSN: 2198-9761 (ISSN-L)
2199-1170
DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0157-9
PMC: PMC6120856
OpenAlex: W2889406366
Cited by: 257
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 3.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
Locations: Sports Medicine - Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Sport & Society, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
ZonMw (016.156.050)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
Keywords: physical activity interventions, wearable devices, mobile application, physical activity promotion, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, daily step count, behavior change, risk of bias

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The Effect of Physical Activity Interventions Comprising Wearables and Smartphone Applications on Physical Activity: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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