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Hand grip strength as a proposed new vital sign of health: a narrative review of evidences
Open accessAbstract
Hand grip strength (HGS) serves as a fundamental metric in assessing muscle function and overall physical capability and is particularly relevant to the ageing population. HGS holds an important connection to the concept of sarcopenia, which encompasses the age-related decline in muscle mass, strength, and function. It has also been reported to indicate the health of an individual. We reviewed the interplay between HGS and various health parameters, including morbidity and mortality, by carrying out a literature search on PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar between 10 and 30 August 2023, to identify the relevant papers on the relationship between health and HGS. We used several keywords like ‘hand grip strength’, ‘muscle strength, ‘sarcopenia’, ‘osteosarcopenia’, ‘health biomarker’, ‘osteoporosis’, and ‘frailty’, to derive the appropriate literature for this review. This review has shown that the HGS can be measured reliably with a hand-held dynamometer. The cut-off values are different in various populations. It is lower in Asians, women, less educated and privileged, and those involved in sedentary work. Several diseases have shown a correlation with low HGS, e.g., Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney and liver disease, some cancers, sarcopenia and fragility fractures. The low HSG is also associated with increased hospitalization, nutritional status, overall mortality and quality of life. We believe that there is adequate evidence to show that HGS stands as an important biomarker of health. Its utility extends to the identification of diverse health issues and its potential as a new vital sign throughout the lifespan.
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“Many risk factors and diseases have been correlated with low HGS, including overall strength, upper limb function, bone mineral density, fracture susceptibility, T2D, CVD, mortality, cancer, nutritional deficiencies, cognitive decline, depression, quality of life, and mental health status [57]”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Vaishya, R., Misra, A., Vaish, A., Ursino, N., & D’Ambrosi, R.
- Affiliations
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals (IN)
- Fortis C-DOC Hospital (IN)
- IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- D’Ambrosi, Riccardo
- Venue
- Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
- Published
- 2024-01-09
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-7
- ISSN
- 1606-0997 (ISSN-L)
- 2072-1315
- PMC
- PMC10777545
- OpenAlex
- W4390769202
- Cited by
- 385
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 168 · 2025: 167 · 2024: 50
- FWCI
- 21.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Health Population and Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- grip strength, vital signs, sarcopenia, osteosarcopenia, health biomarkers, frailty, osteoporosis, muscle strength, mortality, morbidity, hand-held dynamometry, cut-off values, sedentary work, nutritional status, quality of life, hospitalization
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Quality of Life, Biomarkers, Hand Strength, Sarcopenia, Vital Signs
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