Cited by 219Sepsis Diagnosis and TreatmentImmune Response and InflammationInflammation biomarkers and pathways

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Endotoxemia—menace, marker, or mistake?

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Munford, Robert S·2016·Journal of Leukocyte Biology

DOI 10.1189/jlb.3ru0316-151rPMC PMC5014740

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Abstract

Endotoxemia is in its scientific ascendancy. Never has blood-borne, Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (LPS) been invoked in the pathogenesis of so many diseases—not only as a trigger for septic shock, once its most cited role, but also as a contributor to atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic fatigue, metabolic syndrome, and many other conditions. Finding elevated plasma endotoxin levels has been essential supporting evidence for each of these links, yet the assays used to detect and quantitate endotoxin have important limitations. This article describes several assays for endotoxin in plasma, reviews what they do and do not measure, and discusses why LPS heterogeneity, LPS trafficking pathways, and host LPS inactivation mechanisms should be considered when interpreting endotoxin assay results.

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Additional file 1 of The biological activity of serum bacterial lipopolysaccharides associates with disease activity and likelihood of achieving remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Parantainen, J., Barreto, G., Koivuniemi, R., Kautiainen, H., Nordström, D., Moilanen, E., Hämäläinen, M., Leirisalo-Repo, M., Nurmi, K., & Eklund, K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21591098
Additional file 5 of The biological activity of serum bacterial lipopolysaccharides associates with disease activity and likelihood of achieving remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Parantainen, J., Barreto, G., Koivuniemi, R., Kautiainen, H., Nordström, D., Moilanen, E., Hämäläinen, M., Leirisalo-Repo, M., Nurmi, K., & Eklund, K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21591110
Additional file 4 of The biological activity of serum bacterial lipopolysaccharides associates with disease activity and likelihood of achieving remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Parantainen, J., Barreto, G., Koivuniemi, R., Kautiainen, H., Nordström, D., Moilanen, E., Hämäläinen, M., Leirisalo-Repo, M., Nurmi, K., & Eklund, K. K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21591107
Additional file 2 of The biological activity of serum bacterial lipopolysaccharides associates with disease activity and likelihood of achieving remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Parantainen, J., Barreto, G., Koivuniemi, R., Kautiainen, H., Nordström, D., Moilanen, E., Hämäläinen, M., Leirisalo-Repo, M., Nurmi, K., & Eklund, K. K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21591101
Additional file 3 of The biological activity of serum bacterial lipopolysaccharides associates with disease activity and likelihood of achieving remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Parantainen, J., Barreto, G., Koivuniemi, R., Kautiainen, H., Nordström, D., Moilanen, E., Hämäläinen, M., Leirisalo-Repo, M., Nurmi, K., & Eklund, K. K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21591104
Impact of Gut Microbiota on Platelet Function
Duttaroy, A. K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96352-0_9

Authors: Munford, R. S.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Munford, Robert S
Venue: Journal of Leukocyte Biology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2016-07-14
Volume: 100
Issue: 4
Pages: 687-698
ISSN: 0741-5400 (ISSN-L)
1938-3673
DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0316-151r
PMC: PMC5014740
OpenAlex: W2462845880
Cited by: 219
References: 157
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 3
FWCI: 2.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
Locations: Journal of Leukocyte Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Division of Intramural Research
National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases
U.S. National Institutes of Health
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
Keywords: endotoxemia, lipopolysaccharide, septic shock, atherosclerosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic fatigue, assay limitations
MeSH terms: Biological Transport, Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Limulus Test, Lipid A, Lipopolysaccharides, Lymph, Neutralization Tests, Structure-Activity Relationship, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, O Antigens, Endotoxemia

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