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Endotoxemia—menace, marker, or mistake?
Open accessAbstract
Endotoxemia is in its scientific ascendancy. Never has blood-borne, Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (LPS) been invoked in the pathogenesis of so many diseases—not only as a trigger for septic shock, once its most cited role, but also as a contributor to atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic fatigue, metabolic syndrome, and many other conditions. Finding elevated plasma endotoxin levels has been essential supporting evidence for each of these links, yet the assays used to detect and quantitate endotoxin have important limitations. This article describes several assays for endotoxin in plasma, reviews what they do and do not measure, and discusses why LPS heterogeneity, LPS trafficking pathways, and host LPS inactivation mechanisms should be considered when interpreting endotoxin assay results.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Munford, R. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Munford, Robert S
- Venue
- Journal of Leukocyte Biology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-07-14
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 687-698
- ISSN
- 0741-5400 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-3673
- PMC
- PMC5014740
- OpenAlex
- W2462845880
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Leukocyte Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Intramural Research
- National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- U.S. National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Keywords
- endotoxemia, lipopolysaccharide, septic shock, atherosclerosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic fatigue, assay limitations
- MeSH terms
- Biological Transport, Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Limulus Test, Lipid A, Lipopolysaccharides, Lymph, Neutralization Tests, Structure-Activity Relationship, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, O Antigens, Endotoxemia
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