Depression, anxiety and medication adherence among tuberculosis patients attending treatment centres in Fako Division, Cameroon: Cross-sectional study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Patients with tuberculosis often suffer from anxiety and depression, which is likely to affect adherence to the long course of tuberculosis treatment. AIMS: This study sought to investigate depression, anxiety and medication adherence among Cameroonian tuberculosis patients. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2022 across five treatment centres in Fako Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews with tuberculosis patients using a structured questionnaire. Sociodemographic information was obtained, and the following tools were administered to participants: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Oslo Social Support Scale, and the Medication Adherence Rating Scale. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to investigate determinants of depression and anxiety. RESULTS: A total of 375 participants were recruited (mean age: 35 ± 12.2 years; 60.5% male). The prevalence rates of depression and anxiety among tuberculosis patients were 47.7% and 29.9%, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, the odds of depression were significantly increased by having extrapulmonary tuberculosis, non-adherence to treatment, having no source of income, household size <5 and poor social support. Predictors for anxiety included extrapulmonary tuberculosis, defaulting tuberculosis treatment for ≥2 months, family history of mental illness, HIV/tuberculosis co-infection, being married, poor social support and non-adherence to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of depression and anxiety in tuberculosis patients is relatively high, and diverse factors may be responsible. Therefore, holistic and comprehensive care for tuberculosis patients by mental health practitioners is highly encouraged, especially for the high-risk groups identified.
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Pre-existing or comorbid mental disorders may compromise help-seeking and adherence by reducing motivation, impairing concentration and memory for daily medication routines, increasing risky behaviors such as alcohol or drug use, and weakening the patient-provider relationship.
“pre-existing or comorbid mental disorders may compromise help-seeking and adherence by reducing motivation, impairing concentration and memory for daily medication routines, increasing risky behaviors such as alcohol or drug use, and weakening the patient–provider relationship”
From Psychosocial Interventions for Improving Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients: A Scoping Review of Evidence-Based Approaches. (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDepression and anxiety are linked to delayed diagnosis, missed doses, treatment interruption, and poorer microbiological outcomes.
“depression and anxiety in particular have been linked to delayed diagnosis, missed doses, treatment interruption, and poorer microbiological outcomes [10,11,12].”
From Psychosocial Interventions for Improving Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients: A Scoping Review of Evidence-Based Approaches. (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
The Discussion section on treatment adherence reports that both depression and anxiety were associated with non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment, which supports the claim’s point about missed doses in broad terms. The Background also links depression to drug resistance and negative treatment outcomes. Our copy does not link these conditions to delayed diagnosis or specifically establish treatment interruption or poorer microbiological outcomes; no page numbers are available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPatients with depression or anxiety are more likely to report difficulties adhering to TB treatment and to experience poorer outcomes.
“Patients with depression or anxiety are more likely to report difficulties adhering to treatment and to experience poorer outcomes [10,11].”
From Psychosocial Interventions for Improving Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients: A Scoping Review of Evidence-Based Approaches. (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Anye, L. C., Agbortabot Bissong, M. E., Njundah, A. L., & Siewe Fodjo, J. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Buea (CM)
- Venue
- BJPsych Open
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2023-04-13
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e65-e65
- ISSN
- 2056-4724 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10134253
- OpenAlex
- W4365443302
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BJPsych Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- tuberculosis, depression, anxiety, medication adherence, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, social support, tuberculosis-HIV coinfection, treatment default, Fako Division, Cameroon
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