The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia: The May 1940 invasion of the Netherlands
Abstract
Background: It has been suggested that prenatal exposure to maternal stress increases the risk of subsequently developing schizophrenia. Method: The five-day invasion and defeat of The Netherlands by the German army in May 1940 constituted a severe, well-circumscribed national stressful event. Individuals exposed and non-exposed to this stressor in the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy were followed up for lifetime schizophrenia outcome through the National Psychiatric Case Register. Register: Cumulative incidence of schizophrenia was higher in the exposed cohort (risk ratio (RR): 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03–1.28), especially in those exposed in the first trimester (RR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.07–1.53). Significant interaction with gender was apparent in second trimester exposed cohorts (RR men: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.05–1.74; RR women: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.61–1.12). Conclusion: Maternal stress during pregnancy may contribute to the development of vulnerability to schizophrenia. The apparent longer window of exposure in male foetuses may be related to the slower pace of male early cerebral development.
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Citations
Cites
Schizophrenia After Prenatal Famine: Further Evidence
Susser, E. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830010027005 · Cited by 734
Placental 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: a key regulator of fetal glucocorticoid exposure
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Neurotoxicity of Glucocorticoids in the Primate Brain
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The neurodevelopmental basis of sex differences in schizophrenia
Castle, D. J., & Murray, R. M. (1991) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700022194 · Cited by 438
Prenatal Loss of Father and Psychiatric Disorders
Huttunen, M. O. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770280039004 · Cited by 372
Do Stressful Life Events Affect Duration of Gestation and Risk of Preterm Delivery?
Hedegaard, M., Henriksen, T. B., Secher, N. J., Hatch, M. C., & Sabroe, S. (1996) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199607000-00001 · Cited by 282
Maternal Depressive Symptoms and the Risk of Poor Pregnancy Outcome
Orr, S. T., & Miller, C. A. (1995) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036172 · Cited by 281
Schizophrenia After Prenatal Famine
van Os, J. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830180095015 · Cited by 261
Self-citationDIFFERENTIAL RATES OF CEREBRAL MATURATION BETWEEN SEXES AND BETWEEN HEMISPHERES
Taylor, D. (1969) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(69)92445-3 · Cited by 226
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Cited by
Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility
Jirtle, R. L., & Skinner, M. K. (2007) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2045 · Cited by 2,492
Antenatal maternal stress and long‐term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why?
Talge, N. M., Neal, C., Glover, V., & the Early Stress, T. R. A. P. S. N. F. A. N. E. O. C. A. A. M. H. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01714.x · Cited by 1,349
Alder, J., Fink, N., Bitzer, J., Hösli, I., & Holzgreve, W. (2007) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767050701209560 · Cited by 872
Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; what needs to be done
Glover, V. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.017 · Cited by 818
Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring
Weinstock, M. (2001) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(01)00018-1 · Cited by 791
Metadata
- Authors
- Van Os, J., & Selten, J.-P.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1998-04
- Volume
- 172
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 324-326
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2168687126
- Cited by
- 482
- References
- 18
- FWCI
- 16.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia: The May 1940 invasion of the Netherlands. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1192/bjp.172.4.324
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- Van Os, J., & Selten, J.-P. (1998). Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia: The May 1940 invasion of the Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.4.324
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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