The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Adversity, cannabis use and psychotic experiences: evidence of cumulative and synergistic effects
Open accessAbstract
Background: There is robust evidence that childhood adversity is associated with an increased risk of psychosis. There is, however, little research on intervening factors that might increase or decrease risk following childhood adversity. Aims: To investigate main effects of, and synergy between, childhood abuse and life events and cannabis use on odds of psychotic experiences. Method: Data on psychotic experiences and childhood abuse, life events and cannabis use were collected from 1680 individuals as part of the South East London Community Health Study (SELCoH), a population-based household survey. Results: There was strong evidence that childhood abuse and number of life events combined synergistically to increase odds of psychotic experiences beyond the effects of each individually. There was similar, but weaker, evidence for cannabis use (past year). Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that childhood abuse creates an enduring vulnerability to psychosis that is realised in the event of exposure to further stressors and risk factors.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“suggesting that it is the synergy of social adversity and other factors such as drug abuse and familial risk which, in combination with exposure to childhood trauma, may push individuals beyond the threshold for psychotic disorder”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There seems to be a synergistic interplay between different risk factors, such as between childhood abuse and adult life events, as well as cannabis use 31,32 , suggesting that exposure to childhood and adult disadvantage may combine in complex ways to push some individuals along the pathway to psychotic disorder.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our results are in line with Morgan et al's report 31,32 of a complex interplay between different environmental risk factors”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., Read, J., van Os, J., & Bentall, R. P. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs050 · Cited by 2,436
van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003814 · Cited by 2,343
Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review.
Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61162-3 · Cited by 2,224
Modern Epidemiology 3rd edition
Rothman, K. J., Lash, T. L., & Greenland, S. (1986) · Cited by 1,736
Lewis, G., Pelosi, A. J., Araya, R., & Dunn, G. (1992) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700030415 · Cited by 1,487
Psychiatric morbidity among adults living in private households, 2000
Singleton, N., Bumpstead, R., O'Brien, M. S., Lee, A., & Meltzer, H. (2003) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/0954026021000045967 · Cited by 896
ROTHMAN, K. J., GREENLAND, S., & WALKER, A. M. (1980) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113015 · Cited by 859
Morgan, C., & Fisher, H. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl053 · Cited by 568
Self-citationPsychosis Screening Questionnaire
Bebbington, P., & Nayani, T. (1995) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t30040-000 · Cited by 546
van Winkel, R., Stefanis, N. C., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn101 · Cited by 489
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Rothman, 2008, Modern Epidemiology
- Rose, 1998, Official Social Classifications in the UK.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Psychosis as a transdiagnostic and extended phenotype in the general population
van Os, J., & Reininghaus, U. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20310 · Cited by 531
Self-citationReininghaus, U., Kempton, M. J., Valmaggia, L., Craig, T. K. J., Garety, P., Onyejiaka, A., Gayer-Anderson, C., So, S. H., Hubbard, K., Beards, S., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv190 · Cited by 304
Self-citationChildhood adversities and psychosis: evidence, challenges, implications
Morgan, C., & Gayer-Anderson, C. E. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20330 · Cited by 278
Self-citationHardy, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00697 · Cited by 224
Mental health consequences of urban air pollution: prospective population-based longitudinal survey
Bakolis, I., Hammoud, R., Stewart, R. J., Beevers, S. D., Dajnak, D., MacCrimmon, S., Broadbent, M. T. M., Pritchard, M., Shiode, N., Fecht, D., et al. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01966-x · Cited by 173
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Morgan, C., Reininghaus, U., Reichenberg, A., Frissa, S., SELCoH study team, Hotopf, M., & Hatch, S. L.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morgan, Craig
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 204
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 346-353
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- PMC
- PMC4006086
- OpenAlex
- W2159705047
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 16.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- Wellcome Trust (WT087417, HEALTH-F2-2009-241909)
- Maudsley Charity
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (PDF-2011-04-065)
- Guy's and St Thomas' Charity
- King's College London
- European Commission (241909)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, childhood abuse, cannabis use, psychotic experiences, life events, cumulative risk, synergistic effect, psychosis risk, stressors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Marijuana Abuse, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Middle Aged, Psychotic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
