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Burnout and psychiatric morbidity among doctors in the UK: A systematic literature review of prevalence and associated factors
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Aims and method To systematically review the prevalence and associated factors of burnout and stress-related psychiatric disorders among UK doctors. An extensive search was conducted of PubMed, EBSCOhost and British medical journals for studies published over a 20-year span measuring the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (using the General Health Questionnaire) and burnout (using the Maslach Burnout Inventory). Results Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity ranged from 17 to 52%. Burnout scores for emotional exhaustion ranged from 31 to 54.3%, depersonalisation 17.4 to 44.5% and low personal accomplishment 6 to 39.6%. General practitioners and consultants had the highest scores. Factors significantly associated with increase in the prevalence of burnout and psychiatric morbidity include low job satisfaction, overload, increased hours worked and neuroticism. Clinical implications The results indicate a worryingly high rate of burnout and psychiatric morbidity among UK doctors, which could have a huge negative impact on healthcare provision in general. Factors at personal and organisational levels contribute to burnout and psychiatric morbidity, and so efforts made to counter these problems should target both levels.
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“High levels of burnout and distress are a long-standing concern in the healthcare workforce [1].”
From A workplace Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention for improving healthcare staff psychological distress: A randomised controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Studies about stress and burnout among ‘houseman’ junior doctors were done locally and abroad (Samsudin, Isahak & Rampal, 2018; Wu et al., 2018; O.Imo, 2017; Stawicki, 2017; Tallentire et al., 2017; Chin et al., 2016; Soares & Chan, 2016; Crock & Crock, 2015; Kim Lee & Choi, 2015; Mata et al., 2015; Vivekanandan et al…”
BackgroundV is for vicious: a COVID burnout vector perspective
James, O., Bowman, C., Luton, O., Robinson, D., Hopkins, L. G., Hemington-Gorse, S. J., Egan, R. J., & Lewis, W. G. (2021) · Bulletin of The Royal College of Surgeons of England · doi:10.1308/rcsbull.2021.61 · Cited by 2
Sharma, P., Singh, S., Tiwari, U., Ranjan, R., Lekhak, N., & Acharya, S. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatrists Association of Nepal · doi:10.3126/jpan.v10i1.40339 · Cited by 2
GYDYTOJŲ PSICHOSOCIALINIAI DARBO APLINKOS VEIKSNIAI IR JŲ SĄSAJOS SU GYVENIMO KOKYBE
Žūtautienė, R., Radišauskas, R., Ustinavičienė, R., Kirvaitienė, J., & Rakutytė, K. (2019) · Health Sciences · doi:10.35988/sm-hs.2019.057 · Cited by 2
Lepièce, B., Lenoir, A.-L., & de Rouffignac, S. (2022) · Santé Publique · doi:10.3917/spub.225.0675 · Cited by 2
EVENTOS ESTRESSORES E AS IMPLICAÇÕES DO ESTRESSE OCUPACIONAL NA SAÚDE DO DOCENTE DO ENSINO SUPERIOR
Costa, M., & Neto, M. A. D. S. (2020) · Revista Eletrônica da Faculdade de Ceres · doi:10.37951/refacer.v9i1.4696 · Cited by 2
Khan, M. R., Samad, Z. Z., & Haider, A. H. (2021) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139441 · Cited by 2
BURNOUT IN ACADEMIC PHYSICIAN DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Sari, D. P., Susani, Y. P., & Amalia, E. (2021) · Jurnal Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia The Indonesian Journal of Medical Education · doi:10.22146/jpki.64636 · Cited by 3
“Sama atau lebih singkat dari sebelumnya 26 (61,9) Median 11,5 (1-32) 6,19 (±3,66) Median 30 (16-47)”
BackgroundInfluentialFlorea, M. (2020) · Acta Médica Portuguesa · doi:10.20344/amp.13213 · Cited by 2
Rationing the milk of human kindness: the fable of The Dun Cow
Stone, L. (2020) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp20x712457 · Cited by 1
Psychological Attitudes of Physicians in Seeking Help and Associated Factors
Göksel, P., Ay, R., & Kılınçel, O. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2023.23692 · Cited by 1
Does early exposure to cardiothoracic surgery increase interest in the specialty?
Punjabi, K. P., Almohtadi, A., Singh, A., Singh, I., Salha, A., & Seyedzenouzi, G. (2023) · Perfusion · doi:10.1177/02676591231223076 · Cited by 1
“11 In addition to limited exposure, there is evidence that negative publicity surrounding the fi eld in the past 15 years meant that medical students are steering away from it.”
Rowlandson, A., Varese, F., Davies, L. M., French, P., Allsopp, K., Carter, L., Hind, D., McGuirk, K., Barrett, A., Bhutani, G., et al. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-12066-w · Cited by 1
Adebayo, O., Kanmodi, K. K., Ogundipe, H. D., Nnyanzi, L. A., Alatishe, T. A., Ojedokun, S. A., Oladapo, J. S., Ogunsuji, O. O., Makinde, A. M., Udeh, C. T., et al. (2025) · Discover Social Science and Health · doi:10.1007/s44155-025-00222-4 · Cited by 1
“Previous studies have also demonstrated high burden of these conditions in a similar studied population and a higher proportion of burnout compared to depression [26, 28].”
Burnout interventions for UK healthcare workers: a systematic literature review
Mojtahedi, D., Slater, H., Bajracharya, B., Rogers, M., Jones, S., & Caress, A. (2025) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-05-2025-0136 · Cited by 1
Burnout and job satisfaction among hematologists: A cross-sectional study
Gürcan, G., & Değirmenci, B. B. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000045929 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of Physician Burnout Syndrome among Pediatric Resident Doctors in Nigeria
Ndu, I. K., Ewenitie, E.-U. F., Chidiebere, O., Ekwochi, U., Isaac, A. N., & Nwaneli, E. I. (2021) · Nigerian Journal of Medicine · doi:10.4103/njm.njm_134_20 · Cited by 1
Embedding Empathy-Based Ethics into Practice, Education and Research
Jeffrey, D. I. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64804-6_9 · Cited by 1
Burnout in Health Professionals in Context of Covid-19 Pandemic
Rashid, S. (2021) · Annals of PIMS-Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University · doi:10.48036/apims.v17i2.418 · Cited by 1
“showing results for burnout in doctors of United Kingdom.(6) In this study frequency of burn out according to emotional exhaustion sub scale was 64% ( moderate), depersonalization 58% (moderate) whereas according to personal accomplishment frequency was 60% (mild).”
BackgroundSuicide and Suicide Risk in Physicians
Berardelli, I., Spencer‐Thomas, S., Germano, L., Barbetti, A., & Pompili, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84785-2_5 · Cited by 1
Burnout Among Healthcare Professionals in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Jusić, M. (2021) · Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities · doi:10.12944/crjssh.4.2.04 · Cited by 1
“One UK study, for example, showed that physician burnout scores for emotional exhaustion ranged from 31 to 54.3%, depersonalization 17.4 to 44.5% and low personal accomplishment 6 to 39.6% (Imo, 2017).”
InfluentialCOVID-19 and Healthcare Staff Wellbeing
French, L., Hanna, P., & Huckle, C. (2022) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8813-0.ch010 · Cited by 1
Bernstein, R. (2019) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/s41415-019-0321-8 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Imo, U. O.
- Affiliations
- Royal Oldham Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Imo, Udemezue O.
- Venue
- BJPsych Bulletin
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 197-204
- ISSN
- 2056-4694 (ISSN-L)
- 2056-4708
- PMC
- PMC5537573
- OpenAlex
- W2583895290
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- BJPsych Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Keywords
- burnout, psychiatric morbidity, physicians, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment, job satisfaction, workload, neuroticism, general practitioners, consultants, prevalence, associated factors, occupational stress
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