Cited by 335Mental Health Treatment and AccessAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesHealth Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life

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The Social Costs of Anxiety Disorders

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Leon, Andrew C., Portera, Laura, Weissman, Myrna M.·1995·British Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1192/s0007125000293355

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The social costs of anxiety disorders, which afflict a substantial proportion of the general population in the United States, are considered. METHOD: Data from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Epidemiological Catchment Area Program were analysed. RESULTS: Over 6% of men and 13% of women in the sample of 18,571 had suffered from a DSM-III anxiety disorder in the past six months. Nearly 30% of those with panic disorder had used the general medical system for emotional, alcohol or drug-related problems in the six months prior to the interview. Those with anxiety disorders were also more likely to seek help from emergency rooms and from the specialised mental health system. Men with panic disorder, phobias or obsessive-compulsive disorder in the previous six months are more likely to be chronically unemployed and to receive disability or welfare. DISCUSSION: Once correctly diagnosed there are safe and effective psychopharmacologic and behavioural treatments for the anxiety disorders. Nevertheless the burden of anxiety disorders extends beyond the direct costs of treatment to the indirect costs of impaired social functioning.

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Caldiroli, A., Colzani, L. C., Capuzzi, E., Quitadamo, C., Tegola, D. L., Surace, T., Russo, S., Capetti, M., Leo, S., Tringali, A. G. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13030491 · Cited by 12
“From an economic point of view, anxiety disorders are associated with immense health care costs as a result of medical assistance and social impairment including workday loss [3].”
Background
Características diferenciales del alcoholismo femenino
Arnau, M. M. (2010) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.176 · Cited by 10
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Overview
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INTENSIVE ASSESSMENT FOR “INTENSIVE ASSISTANCE”: UNEMPLOYMENT, MENTAL HEALTH AND THE NEED FOR HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT OF LONG‐TERM UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE
Croft, T. (2002) · Australian Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1002/j.1839-4655.2002.tb01115.x · Cited by 10
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Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.003.0008 · Cited by 10
Screening for panic-related anxiety in emergency department patients with cardiopulmonary complaints: A comparison of two self-report instruments.
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“…patients frequently present to the emergency department (ED) complaining of cardiac and respiratory symptoms, thereby contributing to overcrowding, lengthier waiting times, and unnecessary repeat utilization of healthcare resources (Leon et al., 1995; Coley et al., 2009; Buccelletti et al., 2013).”
Background
Expanding Health Educators' Roles to Meet Critical Needs in Stress Management and Mental Health
Schiraldi, G. R., Spalding, T. W., & Hofford, C. W. (1998) · Health Education · doi:10.1080/10556699.1998.10603308 · Cited by 10
Psychiatric disorder and disability in a rural community
Clayer, J. R., Bookless, C., Air, T., & McFARLANE, A. C. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050054 · Cited by 10
“Importantly, Leon et al. (1995) found that the highest social costs were seen in those who su er from a so-called ``minor'' disorder, namely Panic Disorder.”
Background
Qualidade de vida no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo: uma revisão
Torresan, R. C., Smaira, S. I., Ramos-Cerqueira, A. T. D. A., & Torres, A. R. (2008) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s0101-60832008000100003 · Cited by 19
How strongly are trait positive and negative affectivity associated with anxiety symptoms? A multilevel meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies in anxiety disorders
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Anxiety and social activities in multiple sclerosis patients
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“The social, personal and financial costs of anxiety disorders in the general population are considerable [8-10].”
Background
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“However, OCD can negatively affect a person’s quality of life [43-45].”
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Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of panic disorder
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Bridging the gap between biological and psychological perspectives in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Sijercic, I., Whitfield, K. M., Cassin, S. E., & Antony, M. M. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100532 · Cited by 12
Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders
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Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapies for Anxiety
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State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for detecting anxiety disorders in adults
Dümmler, D., Eck, S., Hapfelmeier, A., Fomenko, A., Aktürk, Z., Teusen, C., von Schrottenberg, V., Dawson, S., Linde, K., & Schneider, A. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015458 · Cited by 13
The psychometric properties of the of the Persian version of the Screen for adult anxiety related disorders (SCAARED) in patients with anxiety disorders
Farani, A. R., Khabaz, S. A., Nabavi, M., Didehvar, R., Masoumian, S., & Moghadam, M. Z. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2647 · Cited by 8
A theory of the septo-hippocampal system
Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.003.0010 · Cited by 8
Obsessive–compulsive spectrum and disorders of the skin
Grant, J. E., & Odlaug, B. L. (2009) · Expert Review of Dermatology · doi:10.1586/edm.09.40 · Cited by 7
Impact of culture on the experience of panic symptoms in Arab and Australian patients at a psychology clinic
Wagner, R., Silove, D. M., Marnane, C. L., & Joukhador, J. (2008) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060701477757 · Cited by 7
Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders in People with Intellectual Disability/Disorders of Intellectual Development
Cooray, S. E., Tassé, M. J., Barnhill, J., & Bhaumik, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95720-3_22 · Cited by 9
Multidimensional assessment of the Panic–Agoraphobic Spectrum: Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the PAS-SR
Montiel, C. B., Moreno, M. Á. R., Villa, M. G., Hermoso, P., Rucci, P., & Cassano, G. B. (2005) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.07.003 · Cited by 7

Authors: Leon, A. C., Portera, L., & Weissman, M. M.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Leon, Andrew C.
ORCID: Leon, Andrew C.
Weissman, Myrna M.
Venue: British Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: Royal College of Psychiatrists
Published: 1995-04
Volume: 166
Issue: S27
Pages: 19-22
ISSN: 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
1472-1465
DOI: 10.1192/s0007125000293355
OpenAlex: W2764473323
Cited by: 335
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 12.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 8528 d)
Locations: The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Keywords: anxiety disorders, social costs, panic disorder, phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, unemployment, disability benefits, welfare, emergency department utilization, mental health service utilization, gender differences, social functioning, indirect costs
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Combined Modality Therapy, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disability Evaluation, Female, Health Services Misuse, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Social Welfare, United States, Incidence, Cost of Illness

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The Social Costs of Anxiety Disorders

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