Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis and Metabolism
Open accessAbstract
Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are major energy carriers, subunits of nucleic acids and precursors for the synthesis of nucleotide cofactors such as NAD and SAM. Despite the obvious importance of these molecules, we still have much to learn about how these nucleotides are synthesized and metabolized by plants. Moreover, of the research that has been done in this area relatively little has used genetic analysis to evaluate the function(s) of specific enzymes. The pathways for the synthesis of nucleotides in plant cells are similar to those found in animals and microorganisms. This conclusion is based primarily on the results of studies using in vivo radiotracers, specific inhibitors of nucleotide synthesis and on analyses of the kinetic parameters of purified enzymes involved in nucleotide synthesis that are unlikely to have similar demands for purine and pyrimidine nucleotides have been used in this research. A more comprehensive understanding of the role(s) of specific nucleotide biosynthetic enzymes throughout plant development and factors that regulate their activity/expression is still lacking. Ultimately this information will explain how the requirements of different plants are met, such as those of ureide-producing legumes (Schubert and Boland, 1990) or those synthesizing caffeine (Suzuki et al., 1992; Ashihara and Crozier, 1999). There are two principal routes for the synthesis of nucleotides: the de novo and the salvage pathways (Figures 1 and and2,2, Figures 3 and and4,4, respectively). Using 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), the de novo pathway enzymes build purine and pyrimidine nucleotides from “scratch” using simple molecules such as CO2, amino acids and tetrahydrofolate. This route of nucleotide synthesis has a high requirement for energy as compared that of the salvage pathway. For example, five of the 12 steps of de novo purine synthesis require hydrolysis of ATP or GTP but only one salvage cycle reaction uses ATP. The enzymes of both of these biosynthetic routes are classified as “housekeeping” enzymes because they perform basic, cellular activities and are assumed to be present in low, constitutive levels in all cells. Whereas the de novo pathway is thought to reside in plastids, salvage cycle enzymes may be localized in more than one compartment. Open in a separate window Figure 1. De novo biosynthetic pathway of purine nucleotides in plants. Enzymes shown are: amido phosphoribosyltransferase, (2) GAR synthetase, (3) GAR formyl transferase, (4) FGAM synthetase, (5) AIR synthetase, (6) AIR carboxylase, (7) SAICAR synthetase, (8) adenylosuccinate lyase, (9) AICAR formyl transferase, (10) IMP cyclohydrolase, (11) SAMP synthetase, (12) adenylosuccinase, (13) IMP dehydrogenase, (14) GMP synthetase.
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In pyrimidine biosynthesis, one glutamine molecule is consumed by CPS, and one more glutamine molecule is used to synthesize CTP from UTP.
“In pyrimidine biosynthesis, one glutamine molecule is consumed by a carbamoyl phosphate synthetase enzyme (CPS1 or CPS2, which are localized in the mitochondria and cytosol, respectively). One more glutamine molecule is used to synthesize cytidine triphosphate (CTP) from uridine triphosphate (UTP)31.”
From Glutamine reliance in cell metabolism (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
In purine biosynthesis, two glutamines are used to generate IMP, and one glutamine molecule is needed for conversion of IMP to GMP.
“In purine biosynthesis, two glutamines are used to generate inosine monophosphate (IMP), a precursor of both adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP). Then, one glutamine molecule is needed for the conversion of IMP to GMP31.”
From Glutamine reliance in cell metabolism (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- Moffatt, B. A., & Ashihara, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Ochanomizu University (JP)
- Venue
- The Arabidopsis Book
- Publisher
- BioOne
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 1
- Pages
- e0018
- ISSN
- 1543-8120 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3243375
- OpenAlex
- W2160909969
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Arabidopsis Book (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Molecular Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Keywords
- purine nucleotide biosynthesis, pyrimidine synthesis, de novo pathway, salvage pathway, 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, nucleotide metabolism, enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, NAD biosynthesis, caffeine biosynthesis, plastid localization, genetic analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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