Cited by 2,393Sarcoma Diagnosis and TreatmentBone Tumor Diagnosis and TreatmentsOvarian cancer diagnosis and treatment

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Prognostic Factors in High-Grade Osteosarcoma of the Extremities or Trunk: An Analysis of 1,702 Patients Treated on Neoadjuvant Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group Protocols

Bielack, Stefan S., Kempf-Bielack, Beate, Delling, Günter, Exner, G. Ulrich, Flege, Silke, Helmke, Knut, Kotz, Rainer, Salzer-Kuntschik, Mechthild, Werner, Matthias, Winkelmann, Winfried, Zoubek, Andreas, Jürgens, Heribert, Winkler, Kurt·2002·Journal of Clinical Oncology

DOI 10.1200/jco.2002.20.3.776

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Abstract

PURPOSE: To define prognostic factors for response and long-term outcome for a wide spectrum of osteosarcomas, extending well beyond those of the typical young patient with seemingly localized extremity disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1,702 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with high-grade osteosarcoma of the trunk or limbs registered into the neoadjuvant studies of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group before July 1998 were entered into an analysis of demographic, tumor-related, and treatment-related variables, response, and survival. The intended therapeutic strategy included preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy with multiple agents as well as surgery of all operable lesions. RESULTS: Axial tumor site, male sex, and a long history of symptoms were associated with poor response to chemotherapy in univariate and multivariate analysis. Actuarial 10-year overall and event-free survival rates were 59.8% and 48.9%. Among the variables assessable at diagnosis, patient age (actuarial 10-year survival ≥ 40, 41.6%; < 40, 60.2%; P = .012), tumor site (axial, 29.2%; limb, 61.7%; P < .0001), and primary metastases (yes, 26.7%; no, 64.4%; P < .0001), and for extremity osteosarcomas, also size (≥ one third, 52.5%; < one third, 66.7%; P < .0001) and location within the limb (proximal, 49.3%; other, 63.9%; P < .0001), had significant influence on outcome. Two additional important prognostic factors were treatment related: response to chemotherapy (poor, 47.2%; good, 73.4%; P < .0001) and the extent of surgery (incomplete, 14.6%; macroscopically complete, 64.8%; P < .0001). All factors except age maintained their significance in multivariate testing, with surgical remission and histologic response emerging as the key prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Tumor site and size, primary metastases, response to chemotherapy, and surgical remission are of independent prognostic value in osteosarcoma.

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Retracted
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
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BackgroundSelf-citation
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Osteosarcoma Models: From Cell Lines to Zebrafish
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BackgroundInfluential
MicroRNA and pediatric tumors: Future perspectives
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Background
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Background
The Role of IGF/IGF-IR-Signaling and Extracellular Matrix Effectors in Bone Sarcoma Pathogenesis
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Background
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Background
Epigenetic alterations in osteosarcoma: promising targets
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Selective Cytotoxicity against Human Osteosarcoma Cells by a Novel Synthetic C-1 Analogue of 7-Deoxypancratistatin Is Potentiated by Curcumin
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“Malignant tumours in the lower leg are less commonly encountered, and the resultant death rates are markedly lower than for tumours of other parts of the body [2, 17].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma using dual-phase 18 F-FDG PET/CT
Byun, B. H., Kim, S. H., Lim, S. M., Lim, I., Kong, C., Song, W. S., Cho, W. H., Jeon, D., Lee, S., Koh, J., et al. (2015) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-015-3609-3 · Cited by 35
“To our knowledge, however, no published study has evaluated the potential of RI to predict the histological response after NAC, a well-known predictor of survival in osteosarcoma [4, 10].”
Background
Aberrant CXCR4 and β-catenin expression in osteosarcoma correlates with patient survival
Lu, Y. W., GUAN, G.-F., Chen, J., Hu, B., Sun, C., Ma, Q., Wen, Y., Qiu, X., & Zhou, Y. (2015) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2015.3535 · Cited by 36
Upregulation of the miR-17-92 cluster and its two paraloga in osteosarcoma - reasons and consequences
Arabi, L., Gsponer, J. R., Smida, J., Nathrath, M., Perrina, V., Jundt, G., Ruiz, C. F., Quagliata, L., & Baumhoer, D. (2014) · Genes & Cancer · doi:10.18632/genesandcancer.6 · Cited by 35
“Due to a high rate of systemic spread already at the time of diagnosis patients greatly benefit from (neo-) adjuvant polychemotherapy in addition to radical surgery and reach 10-year survival rates of up to 73% in case of good response to cytostatic regimens [2, 3].”
Background
p27 Is a Candidate Prognostic Biomarker and Metastatic Promoter in Osteosarcoma
Li, Y., Nakka, M., Kelly, A. J., Lau, C. C., Krailo, M., Barkauskas, D. A., Hicks, J. M., & Man, T. (2016) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3189 · Cited by 36
“The pressing clinical problem, however, is that the 6 prognosis for metastatic, refractory and recurrent OS is still dismal (3).”
Background
Radiotherapy and gemcitabine–docetaxel chemotherapy in children and adolescents with unresectable recurrent or refractory osteosarcoma
Lee, J. A., Paik, E. K., Seo, J., Kim, D. H., Lim, J. S., Yoo, J. Y., & Kim, M. (2015) · Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1093/jjco/hyv171 · Cited by 35
A four serum-miRNA panel serves as a potential diagnostic biomarker of osteosarcoma
Huang, C., Wang, Q., Ma, S., Sun, Y., Vadamootoo, A. S., & Jin, C. (2019) · International Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s10147-019-01433-x · Cited by 35
LncRNA HULC induces the progression of osteosarcoma by regulating the miR-372-3p/HMGB1 signalling axis
Li, Y., Liu, J., Zhou, J., Chen, R., & Cen, C. (2020) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-020-00155-5 · Cited by 35
“Occasionally, severe pain or other pathologic fracture-associated symptoms occur.(Isakoff et al. 2015; Bielack et al. 2002) Approximately 15 to 20% of patients have clinically detectable metastases at the time of diagnosis.”
Background
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes carrying microRNA-150 suppresses the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma cells via targeting IGF2BP1
Xu, Z., Zhou, X., Wu, J., Cui, X., Wang, M., Wang, X., & Gao, Z. (2020) · Translational Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tcr-20-83 · Cited by 35
“The survival rate in 5 years of OS patients has remarkably enhanced to about 60–70% over the past decades (4-6).”
Background
Circulating Exosomal PD-L1 at Initial Diagnosis Predicts Outcome and Survival of Patients with Osteosarcoma
Wang, J., Guo, W., Wang, X., Tang, X., Sun, X., & Ren, T. (2022) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2682 · Cited by 35
Neoadjuvant multidrug chemotherapy including High-Dose Methotrexate modifies VEGF expression in Osteosarcoma: an immunohistochemical analysis
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“Thus, anti-angiogenic therapy could augment the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy through the inhibition of VEGF, especially in elderly patients, in spinal or pelvic sites that are difficult to treat with wide surgery [6], and most of all, in “poor responders” to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, who are usually affected by th…”
Background
Chemotherapy compliance in patients with osteosarcoma
Bajpai, J., Puri, A., Shah, K., Susan, D., Jambhekar, N. A., Rekhi, B., Desai, S. R., Gulia, A., & Gupta, S. (2012) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.24155 · Cited by 36
Determination of the prognostic value of loss of heterozygosity at the retinoblastoma gene in osteosarcoma
Heinsohn, S., Evermann, U., Stadt, U. Z., Bielack, S., & Kabisch, H. (2007) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.30.5.1205 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Poor prognosis osteosarcoma: new therapeutic approach
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Genomic Heterogeneity of Osteosarcoma - Shift from Single Candidates to Functional Modules
Poos, K., Smida, J., Maugg, D., Eckstein, G., Baumhoer, D., Nathrath, M., & Korsching, E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123082 · Cited by 34
“Despite the information of many genetic changes, OS is only defined by its morphological and clinical phenotype rather than on the molecular level [15].”
Background
Irregular osteotomy in limb salvage for juxta‐articular osteosarcoma under computer‐assisted navigation
Li, J., Wang, Z., Guo, Z., Chen, G., Yang, M., & Pei, G. (2012) · Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1002/jso.23105 · Cited by 34
MicroRNA Expression and Functional Profiles of Osteosarcoma
Kobayashi, E., Satow, R., Ono, M., Masuda, M., Honda, K., Sakuma, T., Kawai, A., Morioka, H., Toyama, Y., & Yamada, T. (2014) · Oncology · doi:10.1159/000357408 · Cited by 34
Predicting chemosensitivity in osteosarcoma prior to chemotherapy: An investigational study of biomarkers with immunohistochemistry
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“The tumor necrosis rate following pre-operative chemotherapy (histological response) is generally accepted to be the strongest prognostic factor for OS patients without metastases at initial diagnosis and it is also an indicator for post-operative chemotherapy (22).”
Background
Reconstruction After Tumor Resection in the Growing Child
Groundland, J. S., & Binitie, O. T. (2015) · Orthopedic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2015.08.027 · Cited by 34
miR-130b targets NKD2 and regulates the Wnt signaling to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells
Li, Z., Li, Y., Wang, N., Yang, L., Zhao, W., & Zeng, X. (2016) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.050 · Cited by 34
RanBP9/TSSC3 complex cooperates to suppress anoikis resistance and metastasis via inhibiting Src-mediated Akt signaling in osteosarcoma
Dai, H., Lv, Y., Yan, G., Meng, G., Zhang, X., & Guo, Q. (2016) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2016.436 · Cited by 35
“tasis, which, in turn, is the most informative indicator of poor survival.(27) Overall, all cases with negative RanBP9 or TSSC3 expression were high-grade osteosarcoma, indicating that”
Use of an Artificial Ligament Decreases Hip Dislocation and Improves Limb Function After Total Femoral Prosthetic Replacement Following Femoral Tumor Resection
Du, Z., Tang, S., Yang, R., Tang, X., Ji, T., & Guo, W. (2017) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.12.017 · Cited by 34
Safety and efficacy of high‐dose methotrexate for osteosarcoma in adolescents compared with young adults
Wippel, B., Gundle, K. R., Dang, T., Paxton, J., Bubalo, J. S., Stork, L. C., Fu, R. F., Ryan, C. W., & Davis, L. E. (2018) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.1898 · Cited by 34
Positron Emission Tomography Detects In Vivo Expression of Disialoganglioside GD2 in Mouse Models of Primary and Metastatic Osteosarcoma
Butch, E. R., Mead, P. E., Diaz, V. A., Sheppard, H., Stewart, E. A., Mishra, J. K., Kim, J.-E., Bahrami, A., Dearling, J. L. J., Packard, A. B., et al. (2019) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3340 · Cited by 34
“We also demonstrate the ability of this new radiotracer to detect small GD2-positive lesions in even a modestly GD2-expressing mouse model of osteosarcoma metastasis to the lung, a key criterion for staging patients with osteosarcoma (37).”
Background
Nudol, a phenanthrene derivative from Dendrobium nobile, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and inhibits migration in osteosarcoma cells
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Xin, W., Liu, N., & Zhang, H. (2019) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s180610 · Cited by 34
“, five phenanthrene derivatives were isolated and structurally characterized as nudol(1),(21) confusarin (2),(22) 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxy9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (3),(23) 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene (4),(24) and 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4,8-trimethoxyphenanthrene (5)(25) (Figure 1) (Figures S4-S13).”
Background
Predictors of the Survival of Primary and Secondary Older Osteosarcoma Patients
Wang, Z., Wu, B., Zhou, Y., Huang, X., Pan, W., Liu, M., Yan, X., Lin, N., & Ye, Z. (2019) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.32627 · Cited by 35
“An appendicular location of the osteosarcoma was associated with a better outcome compared with an axial location, which was similar with other reports [2, 3, 10].”
BackgroundResult
Mycophenolic acid is a drug with the potential to be repurposed for suppressing tumor growth and metastasis in osteosarcoma treatment
Klangjorhor, J., Chaiyawat, P., Teeyakasem, P., Sirikaew, N., Phanphaisarn, A., Settakorn, J., Lirdprapamongkol, K., Yama, S., Svasti, J., & Pruksakorn, D. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32735 · Cited by 34
“osteosarcoma.(2,3) The major factor in recurrence in osteosarcoma patients is poor response to chemotherapy.”
Background
Prognostic impact of diagnostic and treatment delays in children with osteosarcoma
Vásquez, L., Silva, J. D. P., Chávez, S., Zapata, A., Díaz, R., Tarrillo, F., Maza, I., Sialer, L., & García, J. (2020) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.28180 · Cited by 34
Proximal Humerus Reconstruction after Tumor Resection: An Overview of Surgical Management
D’Arienzo, A., Ipponi, E., Ruinato, A. D., Franco, S. D., Colangeli, S., Andreani, L., & Capanna, R. (2021) · Advances in Orthopedics · doi:10.1155/2021/5559377 · Cited by 34
“Proximal humerus is the fourth most common localization for primary bone tumors, the first between the bones of the upper limb, representing the site of 10%– 15% among all osteosarcomas and 10% among Ewing sarcomas [1, 2].”
Background
Bone mineral: A trojan horse for bone cancers. Efficient mitochondria targeted delivery and tumor eradication with nano hydroxyapatite containing doxorubicin
Liu, Y., Nadeem, A., Sebastian, S., Olsson, M. A., Wai, S. N., Styring, E., Engellau, J., Isaksson, H., Tägil, M., Lidgren, L., et al. (2022) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100227 · Cited by 37
Experience of Pediatric Osteosarcoma of the Extremity at a Single Institution in Taiwan: Prognostic Factors and Impact on Survival
Hung, G., Yen, H., Yen, C., Chen, W., Chen, P. C.-H., Wu, H.-T. H., Chiou, H., Chang, W., & Hsu, H.-E. (2014) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4154-z · Cited by 34
Caffeine-potentiated chemotherapy for metastatic osteosarcoma
Kimura, H. J., Tsuchiya, H., Shirai, T., Nishida, H., Hayashi, K., Takeuchi, A., Ohnari, I., & Tomita, K. (2009) · Journal of Orthopaedic Science · doi:10.1007/s00776-009-1372-5 · Cited by 34
“The presence or absence of metastasis at diagnosis is the only widely accepted prognostic factor available at diagnosis.(2) With the use of contemporary treatment regimens, approximately 70% of patients with localized osteosarcoma of the extremity survive, but the prognosis for patients with metastatic disease is much…”
Background
Cardiovascular involvement by osteosarcoma: an analysis of 20 patients
Yedururi, S., Morani, A. C., Gladish, G. W., Vallabhaneni, S., Anderson, P. M., Hughes, D. P. M., Wang, W., & Daw, N. C. (2015) · Pediatric Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00247-015-3449-y · Cited by 34
“This explains why, in our study and in other series, the incidence of lung metastasis is higher than that of any other site of metastasis [44, 45].”
The canonical Wnt-beta-catenin pathway in development and chemotherapy of osteosarcoma
Zhao, J. (2013) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/4187 · Cited by 34
The Bioexpandable Prosthesis: A New Perspective After Resection of Malignant Bone Tumors in Children
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Clinical Targeted Next-Generation Panel Sequencing Reveals MYC Amplification Is a Poor Prognostic Factor in Osteosarcoma
Marinoff, A. E., Spurr, L. F., Fong, C., Li, Y. Y., Forrest, S. J., Ward, A., Doan, D., Corson, L., Mauguen, A., Pinto, N. R., et al. (2023) · JCO Precision Oncology · doi:10.1200/po.22.00334 · Cited by 45
LncRNA KIAA0087 suppresses the progression of osteosarcoma by mediating the SOCS1/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway
Gong, H., Tao, Y., Xiao, S., Li, X., Fang, K., Wen, J., He, P., & Zeng, M. (2023) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-023-00972-8 · Cited by 33
Follow-up practices for high-grade extremity Osteosarcoma
Rothermundt, C. A., Seddon, B. M., Dileo, P., Strauss, S. J., Coleman, J., Briggs, T. W. R., Haile, S. R., & Whelan, J. S. (2016) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2333-y · Cited by 33
Bone microenvironment has an influence on the histological response of osteosarcoma to chemotherapy: retrospective analysis and preclinical modeling.
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Value of diffusion-weighted imaging for evaluating chemotherapy response in osteosarcoma: A meta-analysis
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Treatment outcome of patients with chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the limbs and pelvis
Tsagozis, P., Laitinen, M., Stevenson, J. D., Jeys, L. M., Abudu, A., & Parry, M. (2019) · The Bone & Joint Journal · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.101b6.bjj-2018-1090.r1 · Cited by 34
TGF‑β inhibitor RepSox suppresses osteosarcoma via the JNK/Smad3 signaling pathway
He, D., Gao, J., Zheng, L., Liu, S., Ye, L., Lai, H., Pan, B., Pan, W., Lou, C., Chen, Z., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.2021.5264 · Cited by 33

Authors: Bielack, S. S., Kempf-Bielack, B., Delling, G., Exner, G. U., Flege, S., Helmke, K., Kotz, R., Salzer-Kuntschik, M., Werner, M., Winkelmann, W., Zoubek, A., Jürgens, H., & Winkler, K.
Affiliations: University of Münster (DE)
Corresponding author: Bielack, Stefan S.
ORCID: Bielack, Stefan S.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Oncology
Publisher: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
Published: 2002-02-01
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 776-790
ISSN: 0732-183X (ISSN-L)
1527-7755
DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.20.3.776
OpenAlex: W2148077417
Cited by: 2,393
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 85 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 162 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 167 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 139 · 2014: 124 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 34.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: new_edition (2023-09-15)
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Clinical Oncology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Sarcoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone Tumor Diagnosis and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment
Keywords: high-grade osteosarcoma, prognostic factors, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, limb-sparing surgery, tumor location, tumor size, chemotherapy response, surgical remission, event-free survival, overall survival, histological response, patient age, sex differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Bone Neoplasms, Child, Child, Preschool, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Metastasis, Prognosis, Osteosarcoma, Survival Rate, Multivariate Analysis, Chemotherapy, Adjuvant

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Prognostic Factors in High-Grade Osteosarcoma of the Extremities or Trunk: An Analysis of 1,702 Patients Treated on Neoadjuvant Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group Protocols

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