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Does a Recent Cancer Diagnosis Predict Smoking Cessation? An Analysis From a Large Prospective US Cohort
Abstract
PURPOSE: Quitting smoking provides important health benefits to patients with cancer. A cancer diagnosis may motivate quitting-potentially providing a teachable moment in which oncologists can encourage and assist patients to quit-but little is known about whether a recent cancer diagnosis (including diagnosis of a cancer that is less strongly linked to smoking) is associated with increased quitting. METHODS: Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort participants reported smoking status at enrollment in 1992 to 1993 and approximately biennially through 2009. Quit rates of smokers diagnosed with cancer during 2- and 4-year intervals were compared with those of smokers not diagnosed with cancer (12,182 and 12,538 smokers in 2- and 4-year analyses, respectively). Cancers likely to cause physical limitations or symptoms that could influence smoking (cancers of the lung, head and neck, esophagus, or any metastatic cancer) were excluded. Logistic regressions calculated quit rates controlling for age, sex, survey year, cardiovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RESULTS: The 2-year quit rate was higher among the 772 smokers who were diagnosed with cancer (31.3%; 95% CI, 28.0% to 34.5%) than among smokers not diagnosed with cancer (19.5%; 95% CI, 19.0% to 19.9%). A similar difference was observed for 4-year quit rates (43.0% v 33.8%). Results were similar by cancer site and stage. CONCLUSION: A diagnosis of cancer, even a cancer not strongly related to smoking and with a relatively good prognosis, may be associated with increased quitting that is sustained well after diagnosis. Results support the hypothesis that a cancer diagnosis presents a teachable moment that can be capitalized on to promote cessation.
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“it is clear that it is a time where people can be more prone to change, since it could be interpreted as a “wake-up call” to adopt a more healthy lifestyle even when that intention is not translated into real changes [86,87].”
From Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
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“[26] Long term follow-up data from the Cancer Prevention Study II between 1992–2009 demonstrated a higher two-year quit rate in cancer survivors (31%) as compared with the general population (20%).[27] However, these results were outside of the context of a structured smoking cessation intervention.”
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“The rate of smoking after treatment was high at 73% in this study, which is within the wide range (6–83%) reported by studies of surgically treated early stage NSCLC(8,24)and comparable to the rate seen in patients treated for other cancers in United States populationbased studies at 69% (25).”
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“Principles of follow-up and relapse prevention are also discussed, which is highly applicable to cancer patients who are at risk for restarting tobacco use after a cancer diagnosis and treatment (33,50,80).”
BackgroundSmoking and Smoking Cessation Among Persons with Tobacco- and Non-tobacco-Associated Cancers
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Parada, H., Bradshaw, P. T., Steck, S. E., Engel, L. S., Conway, K., Teitelbaum, S. L., Neugut, A. I., Santella, R. M., & Gammon, M. D. (2017) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkx001 · Cited by 33
“For the 10% to 20% of women who are smokers at the time of breast cancer diagnosis (5,6), smoking cessation is one important behavioral change that may improve survival after breast cancer.”
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“Persistent smoking following a cancer diagnosis is associated with diminished effectiveness of cancer treatment, increased risks of recurrence and second primary cancer diagnoses [4-10], decreased overall survival [11-14], diminished quality of life [11,15,16], and increased complications from surgery, radiation, and…”
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“Consequently, many patients with cancer who use tobacco at the time of diagnosis continue to engage in tobacco use.(8,9) Barriers to providing smoking cessation treatment include a lack of provider time, training, and resources.”
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Gummerson, S. P., Lowe, J. T., Taylor, K. L., Lobo, T., & Jensen, R. E. (2021) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-021-01009-7 · Cited by 28
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HIV Care Initiation: A Teachable Moment for Smoking Cessation?
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“A study by Westmaas et al. (2015) estimated that 31% of smokers quit two years after a cancer diagnosis, compared to estimates in the current study of 11% of survivors who quit within one year after diagnosis.”
Prevalence and Predictors of Sustained Smoking after a Cancer Diagnosis in Korean Men
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“Recent studies have shown that if prehabilitation is tailored to the environment of the patient motivation and adherence will increase [49,52,53].”
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Stress-related health depreciation: Using allostatic load to predict self-rated health
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BackgroundUnderuse and underreporting of smoking cessation for smokers with a new urologic cancer diagnosis
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“A cancer diagnosis can be a teachable moment for smoking cessation,(6) as evidenced by higher quit rates among adults with a cancer diagnosis.(3,7) Unfortunately, even if they initially quit smoking, smokers diagnosed with cancer have particularly high rates of relapse, and an estimated 50% of smokers continue to smok…”
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The diagnosis of bladder cancer: are we missing a teachable moment for smoking cessation?
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Trosman, J. R., Weldon, C. B., Rapkin, B. D., Benson, A. B., Makower, D., Liang, S., Kulkarni, S., Perez, C. B., Lo, S. S., Krueger, E. A., et al. (2021) · JCO Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/op.21.00161 · Cited by 10
Raag, M., & Pärna, K. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5105-6 · Cited by 10
“Although we do not know the timing of events (taking up smoking, quitting, disease occurrence), which inhibits causal interpretation of attributable risks, it has been observed that people more often quit than start smoking after getting pulmonary [49] or cardiovascular diseases [50].”
BackgroundCOPD promotes migration of A549 lung cancer cells: the role of chemokine CCL21
Kuźnar-Kamińska, B., Mikuła‐Pietrasik, J., Sosińska, P., Książek, K., & Batura‐Gabryel, H. (2016) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s96490 · Cited by 10
“this disease decline significantly in a function of the time that has passed since the patient ceased smoking.(23,24) As per the GOLD criteria, the level of CCL21 and CXCL12 started to increase in patients in stage 2, 3, and 4 of the disease, that is, patients in whom the obturation became significant.”
Anesthesiologists and the Other Pandemic: Tobacco Use
Warner, D. O. (2022) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000004346 · Cited by 9
Yao Zong, Y. U. A. N., Taneja, M., & Connor, A. E. (2018) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7360 · Cited by 9
“Studies have shown that 10%–20% of BC survivors are current smokers at the time of their BC diagnosis.(20,21) Although AA women, in general, start smoking later in life when compared with white women, they are more likely to die from smoking-related diseases.”
BackgroundMatulewicz, R. S., Bjurlin, M. A., Feuer, Z. S., Makarov, D. V., Sherman, S. E., Scheidell, J. D., Khan, M. R., Shahawy, O. E., & Ward, K. (2021) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1155/2021/6683014 · Cited by 9
“Two additional populationbased studies using data from the NCI’s HINTS survey (2003-2007) and the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort (1992-2009) demonstrated discordant findings [7, 20].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLand, S. R., Baker, L., Twesten, J., Reyes-Guzman, C. M., & Kaufman, A. R. (2022) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0651 · Cited by 8
Prevalence and determinants of quitting smoking after cancer diagnosis: a prospective cohort study
Taborelli, M., Maso, L. D., Zucchetto, A., Lamaj, E., Paoli, P. D., Carbone, A., & Serraino, D. (2021) · Tumori Journal · doi:10.1177/03008916211009301 · Cited by 8
“Sex Male 258 (26) 77 (30) 104 (40) 77 (30) Female 753 (74) 145 (19) 177 (24) 431 (57) Age, y 18–49 271 (27) 77 (28) 52 (19) 142 (52) 50–64 356 (35) 87 (24) 88 (25) 181 (51) ⩾65 384 (38) 58 (15) 141 (37) 185 (48) Education, ya <9 475 (48) 103 (22) 128 (27) 244 (51) ⩾9 518 (52) 115 (22) 147 (28) 256 (49) Marital statusa…”
Lee, J. M., Suh, H.-W., Lee, H., Choi, M., Kim, J. S., Lee, K., Kim, S.-H., Sohn, J. W., Yoon, H. J., Paek, Y., et al. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17223623 · Cited by 7
“Although most lung cancer patients attempt to quit after diagnosis [55], sustained abstinence is achieved by only a minority of patients [14,56].”
Manhapra, A., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000311 · Cited by 7
“These rates may be even higher among veterans (Wagner et al., 2007) and those with smoking-related chronic disease (Kalman et al., 2005; Darville and Hahn, 2014; Westmaas et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInvestigating the Smoking Cessation Informational Needs of Cancer Patients and Informal Caregivers
Giuliani, M., Brual, J., Eng, L., Liu, G., Papadakos, T. J., Giannopoulos, E., & Papadakos, J. (2019) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-019-01547-w · Cited by 7
Westmaas, J. L., Strollo, S. E., Newton, C. C., Carter, B. D., Diver, W. R., Flanders, W. D., Stevens, V. L., Patel, A. V., Alcaraz, K. I., Thrul, J., et al. (2021) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1810 · Cited by 7
“, cancer diagnosis (36), past quit attempts, use of other tobacco products, etc.”
BackgroundBauer, A., Brenner, L., Moser, J., Trudzinski, F. C., Köllner, V., & Bals, R. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3205/000282 · Cited by 6
“Being hospitalized for a smoking-related disease such as COPD and lung cancer and suffering from respiratory symptoms might be strong motivators to quit smoking [8], [9], [43], [44], [45].”
BackgroundFathi, J. T., Cinciripini, P. M., DePrimo, M. J., Houston, T. P., Kathuria, H., Park, E. R., Pua, B. B., Roelke, T., Taylor, K. L., Toll, B. A., et al. (2025) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35972 · Cited by 5
Cosci, F., Bertoli, G., Pistelli, F., & Carrozzi, L. (2016) · Medical Express · doi:10.5935/medicalexpress.2016.01.03 · Cited by 5
Mańczuk, M., Łobaszewski, J., Sulkowska, U., Hashim, D., & Boffetta, P. (2018) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0000000000000429 · Cited by 5
“The relationship between being diagnosed with chronic illness and higher odds for smoking cessation was identified in other research (Wilkes and Evans, 1999; Gulliford, 2001; Westmaas et al., 2015); however, inconclusive results obtained by Patel et al.”
ResultCadmium, Selenium and Breast Cancer Risk by Molecular Subtype Among Women from Northern Mexico
Rojas-Lima, E., Rothenberg, S. J., Gamboa-Loira, B., Mérida-Ortega, Á., Cebrián, M. E., & López‐Carrillo, L. (2021) · Exposure and Health · doi:10.1007/s12403-021-00393-w · Cited by 5
“At the same time, about 30% of smokers have been reported to stop smoking after BC diagnosis (Bell et al. 2012; Westmaas et al. 2015), which would reduce urinary Cd levels (Adams and Newcomb 2014).”
BackgroundEffective Timing of Introducing an Inpatient Smoking Cessation Program to Cancer Patients
Choe, Y., Choi, J.-W., Jeong, J., Doh, H.-M., Kim, M.-L., Nam, M.-S., Kho, H.-J., Park, H.-Y., Ahn, H.-R., Kweon, S., et al. (2023) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2022.0499 · Cited by 5
Diagnostic challenges in survivors of early stage lung cancer
van Iersel-Vet, M. T. A., Thunnissen, E., Spoelstra, F. O. B., Ylstra, B., Slotman, B. J., & Senan, S. (2015) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.08.013 · Cited by 4
Somatic genome alterations in relation to age in lung adenocarcinoma
Meucci, S., Keilholz, U., Heim, D., Klauschen, F., & Cacciatore, S. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32265 · Cited by 4
Kalkhoran, S. M., Streck, J. M., Kruse, G. R., Rigotti, N. A., Perez, G. K., Regan, S., Ponzani, C. J., Muzikansky, A., Park, E. R., & Ostroff, J. S. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntac031 · Cited by 4
Gali, K., Bokemeyer, F., Behrens, S., Möhl, A., Obi, N., Becher, H., & Chang-Claude, J. C. (2022) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2022.102282 · Cited by 4
Hawari, F. I., Alhalawa, M. A. A., Alshraiedeh, R. H., Nawaiseh, A. M. A., Khamis, A., Dodin, Y., & Obeidat, N. A. (2022) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol29120732 · Cited by 4
Smoking Behaviors Among Black and Hispanic Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Rabin, J. T., Castelin, S., Strauss, N., Philpotts, L. L., Park, E. R., & Perez, G. K. (2022) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-022-01423-8 · Cited by 4
“Though many cancer patients are more likely to be smokers at diagnosis, they are also more likely to quit than non-cancer patients following their diagnosis, even when controlling for cancer treatment [1, 24].”
BackgroundDeutsch, A., & Saintignon, J. G.-D. (2016) · ONCOLOGIE · doi:10.1007/s10269-016-2618-4 · Cited by 4
McCall, M. H., Boyd, C. T., Kerr, N. D., Daniel, S. S., & Sutfin, E. L. (2025) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70074 · Cited by 8
“Although a cancer diagnosis can be a catalyst for addressing smoking, 12.7% of patients with cancer continue to smoke cigarettes [5, 6].”
InfluentialSomatic genome alterations in relation to age in lung squamous cell carcinoma
Meucci, S., Keilholz, U., Heim, D., Klauschen, F., & Cacciatore, S. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.25848 · Cited by 3
“Although the age at diagnosis of lung tumors is very closely correlated with the duration of smoking [13, 14], a previous study performed on 34 tumor types of the TCGA dataset [15], showed significant negative correlations between SNPs and patient age only in LUSC and LUAD.”
ResultAn Overview of the Epidemiology, Types of Lung Cancer, Staging, and Rehabilitation Continuum of Care
Watson, A. G., & Orada, R. B. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-83404-9.00010-4 · Cited by 3
Neil, J. M., Senecal, C., Ballini, L., Chang, Y., Goshe, B., Flores, E. J., Ostroff, J. S., & Park, E. R. (2022) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/37526 · Cited by 3
“Continued cigarette smoking is prevalent in approximately 10% to 30% of patients with recently diagnosed cancer [1,2].”
BackgroundBronsema, I., van Lonkhuijzen, L. R. C. W., Scholten, P. W. A., Laan, J. J., Westerveld, H. G., & Stalpers, L. J. A. (2023) · Technical Innovations & Patient Support in Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tipsro.2023.100225 · Cited by 3
“More-over, prolonged smoking cessation is more frequently seen after a recent oncological diagnosis [15].”
BackgroundGemine, R. E., Haider, S. A., Ravara, S., & Lewis, K. E. (2021) · European Respiratory Society eBooks · doi:10.1183/2312508x.10012220 · Cited by 3
A Survey of Baseline Tobacco Cessation Clinical Practices and Receptivity to Academic Detailing.
Adsit, R. T., Wisinski, K. B., Mattison, R. J., Bailey, H. H., & Fiore, M. C. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Smoking Cessation Treatment Programs Offered at Hospitals Providing Oncology Services
Gallaway, M. S., Tai, E. W., & Rohan, E. A. (2018) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1017/jsc.2018.15 · Cited by 3
“…some have reported that smokers may be motivated to quit smoking following a cancer diagnosis, (Nayan, Gupta, Strychowsky, & Sommer, 2013; Westmaas et al., 2015), but health professionals often miss opportunities to recommend smoking cessation (Earle & Neville, 2004; Sabatino, 2007;…”
Prostate cancer and subsequent nutritional outcomes: the role of diagnosis and treatment
Slade, A. N. (2019) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-019-00739-z · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Westmaas, J. L., Newton, C. C., Stevens, V. L., Flanders, W. D., Gapstur, S. M., & Jacobs, E. J.
- Affiliations
- American Cancer Society (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Oncology
- Published
- 2015-05-20
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1647-1652
- ISSN
- 0732-183X (ISSN-L)
- 1527-7755
- OpenAlex
- W2101545667
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 12.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- smoking cessation, cancer diagnosis, teachable moments, cancer survivors, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, metastatic cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adult, Aged, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Neoplasms, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder, United States, Smoking Cessation
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