A phase I study of mRNA-2752, a lipid nanoparticle encapsulating mRNAs encoding human OX40L, IL-23, and IL-36γ, for intratumoral (iTu) injection alone and in combination with durvalumab.
Abstract
3092 Background: mRNA-2752 is a novel mRNA-based therapeutic agent encoding OX40L T cell co-stimulator, IL-23 and IL-36γ pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here we present findings from a first-in-human study of iTu mRNA-2752 in solid tumor patients as monotherapy or in combination with durvalumab (durva). At the time of presentation, data will encompass the monotherapy escalation MTD/RDE along with the supporting translational work, and the available data in combination. Methods: iTu mRNA-2752 was administered every 2 weeks for up to 7 doses as monotherapy or in combination with durva in patients with advanced solid malignancy or lymphoma. Biomarker analyses include measurement of IL-23, IL-36γ and pro-inflammatory cytokine proteins in pre- and post-treatment tumor biopsies and plasma. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry was used to further characterize baseline status and changes to the TME with treatment. Results: As of 20 December 2019, 23 solid tumor patients have been treated either with mRNA-2752 alone (n = 14) or in combination (n = 9) and has been well tolerated with no dose limiting toxicities or related grade 3/4 toxicities. Of the 17 patients evaluated per RECIST and iRECIST, 1 had a PR (iRECIST), 6 had SD, and 10 had PD. The patient with a PR (52% tumor reduction) received 0.5 mg mRNA-2752 with durva, and had aPD-1/L1 naïve squamous-cell bladder carcinoma. Tumor shrinkage was observed in an additional 5 patients in injected and/or uninjected lesions in both monotherapy and combination. Preliminary biomarker data showed increased IL-23 and IL-36γ protein expression after 6-24 hours, and increased levels of downstream cytokines IL-22 and IL-6, respectively. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ, TNF-α) were also significantly increased at 1 day and 1-week post-treatment. Significant increases in PD-L1 expression predominantly in tumor-associated immune cells were observed after first dose and persisted up to 29 days after treatment. Conclusions: iTu mRNA-2752 given as monotherapy and in combination with durva is tolerable at all dose levels studied, and administration can be associated with tumor shrinkage. Analyses of tumor and plasma biomarkers suggest a sustained immunomodulatory effect of treatment that includes elevated IFN-γ, TNF-α, and PD-L1 levels. These data support the ongoing testing of the mRNA-2752/durva combination in the dose escalation part of the study. Clinical trial information: NCT03739931 .
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
mRNA-2752 was designed to induce a pro-inflammatory tumour microenvironment and to simultaneously strengthen T cell expansion, as well as memory responses.
“mRNA-2752 was designed to induce a pro-inflammatory tumour microenvironment and to simultaneously strengthen T cell expansion, as well as memory responses215,216.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [216]
In 22 patients treated with mRNA-2752 (monotherapy: n = 15; combination: n = 7), six had stable disease, one had partial responses with 52% tumour reduction and five showed tumour shrinkage in treated and/or untreated sites.
“In the 22 patients (monotherapy: n = 15; combination: n = 7), six had stable disease, one had partial responses with 52% tumour reduction and five showed tumour shrinkage in treated and/or untreated sites215,216.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [216]
mRNA-2752, a lipid nanoparticle formulated with mRNA encoding human OX40L, IL-23 and IL-36γ, entered clinical evaluation.
“Encouraged by these results, mRNA-2752, a lipid nanoparticle formulated with mRNA encoding human OX40L, IL-23 and IL-36γ, entered clinical evaluation (NCT03739931)163,215,216.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [216]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery
Hou, X., Zaks, T., Langer, R., & Dong, Y. (2021) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-021-00358-0 · Cited by 4,076 · see citing works
mRNA vaccines manufacturing: challenges and bottlenecks
Rosa, S. S., Prazeres, D. M. F., Azevedo, A. M., & Marques, M. P. C. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.038 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
“Recent results show that both technologies can be successfully applied to treat melanoma [72], lymphoma [73,74], and solid tumours [75,76].”
BackgroundThi, T. T. H., Suys, E. J. A., Lee, J. S., Nguyen, D. H., Park, K. D., & Truong, N. P. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9040359 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
“(Cambridge, MA, USA) and AstraZeneca (Cambridge, UK) OX40L T cell Recruiting, Phase 1 NCT03739931 Cancer- various [108,109]”
mRNA therapeutics in cancer immunotherapy
Beck, J. D., Reidenbach, D., Salomon, N., Sahin, U., Türeci, Ö., Vormehr, M., & Kranz, L. M. (2021) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01348-0 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
“A phase I dose escalation study is evaluating the mixture alone or in combination with durvalumab in 126 patients with relapsed/refractory solid tumors or lymphoma (NCT03739931) [182].”
BackgroundInfluentialTargeting cancer with mRNA–lipid nanoparticles: key considerations and future prospects
Kon, E., Ad‐El, N., Hazan‐Halevy, I., Stotsky‐Oterin, L., & Peer, D. (2023) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-023-00811-9 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
“A phase I clinical trial is testing intratu-moural injection of an mRNA–LNP encoding the same three cytokines combined with durvalumab 27 (Table 1).”
BackgroundCancer mRNA vaccines: clinical advances and future opportunities
Sayour, E. J., Boczkowski, D., Mitchell, D. A., & Nair, S. K. (2024) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00902-1 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“This approach involves an mRNA payload encoding innate cytokines, as opposed to antigen-specific targets administered either as monotherapy or with intravenous durvalumab 97 .”
Progress and prospects of mRNA-based drugs in pre-clinical and clinical applications
Shi, Y., Shi, M., Wáng, Y., & You, J. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-02002-z · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Nanotechnology-based mRNA vaccines
Chen, S., Huang, X., Xue, Y., Álvarez‐Benedicto, E., Shi, Y., Chen, W., Koo, S., Siegwart, D. J., Dong, Y., & Tao, W. (2023) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-023-00246-7 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Enhancing immunotherapy with tumour-responsive nanomaterials
Linderman, S. W., DeRidder, L. B., Sanjurjo, L., Foote, M. B., Alonso, M. J., Kirtane, A. R., Langer, R., & Traverso, G. (2025) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-025-01000-6 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“…nanoparticles containing mRNAs encoding T cell-promoting inflammatory cytokines, such as OX40L, IL-23 and IL-36γ, were administered intratumourally to 23 patients with various advanced-stage solid tumours either with ( n = 9) or without ( n = 14) the anti-PD-L1 antibody durvalumab 103,104 .”
Lipid Nanoparticles Optimized for Targeting and Release of Nucleic Acid
Jia, Y., Wang, X., Li, L., Li, F., Zhang, J., & Liang, X. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202305300 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Emerging vaccine nanotechnology: From defense against infection to sniping cancer
Feng, C., Li, Y., Ferdows, B. E., Patel, D. N., Ouyang, J., Tang, Z., Kong, N., Chen, E., & Tao, W. (2022) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.021 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Advances in immunotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme
Mahmoud, A. B., Ajina, R., Aref, S., Darwish, M., Alsayb, M. A., Taher, M., Alsharif, S. T., Hashem, A. M., & Alkayyal, A. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.944452 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Present and future of cancer nano-immunotherapy: opportunities, obstacles and challenges
Wang, M., Yu, F., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-024-02214-5 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Lipid-based nanosystems: the next generation of cancer immune therapy
Cheng, Z., Fobian, S., Gurrieri, E., Amin, M., D’Agostino, V., Falahati, M., Zalba, S., Debets, R., Garrido, M. J., Saeed, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-024-01574-1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Another tested therapeutic is mRNA-2752, a lipid NP encapsulating mRNAs encoding human OX40L, and PD-L1, and cause tumor shrinkage [211].”
BackgroundLipid nanoparticles: The game-changer in CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing
Farsani, A. M., Mokhtari, N., Nooraei, S., Bahrulolum, H., Akbari, A., Farsani, Z. M., Khatami, S., Ebadi, M. S., & Ahmadian, G. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24606 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Therapeutic cancer vaccines revamping: technology advancements and pitfalls
Antonarelli, G., Corti, C., Tarantino, P., Ascione, L., Cortés, J., Romero, P. J., Mittendorf, E., Disis, M. L., & Curigliano, G. (2021) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.2153 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“in combination with durvalumab, demonstrating an acceptable safety profile, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, together with some cases of tumor shrinkage (NCT03739931).(100)”
Trial watch: intratumoral immunotherapy
Humeau, J. F., Naour, J. L., Galluzzi, L., Kroemer, G., & Pol, J. G. (2021) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2021.1984677 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“These data comfort the application of mRNA-2752 in association with anti-PDL1.(291) Another mixture of three mRNAs, referred to as TriMix, is studied i.”
BackgroundMethodAdvances and prospects of RNA delivery nanoplatforms for cancer therapy
Attia, M. S., Kijanka, G. S., Nguyen, N., Zhang, J., & An, H. (2024) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2024.09.009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Moreover, mRNA-2752, encoding OX40L, was administered in conjugation with durvalumab for improving T-cell response along with IL-23 and IL-36 g interleukins and has shown safety and tolerability, inducing sustained pro-inflammatory effects 445 .”
mRNA-Based Therapeutics in Cancer Treatment
Sun, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, G., Yang, W., & Xu, Y. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15020622 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Advanced Biomaterials for Cell‐Specific Modulation and Restore of Cancer Immunotherapy
Ruan, S., Huang, Y., He, M., & Gao, H. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202200027 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Application of lipid-based nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy
Zhang, Z., Yao, S., Hu, Y., Zhao, X. B., & Lee, R. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.967505 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Nano-bio interactions in mRNA nanomedicine: Challenges and opportunities for targeted mRNA delivery
Saiding, Q., Zhang, Z., Chen, S., Xiao, F., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Zhen, X., Khan, M. M., Chen, W., Koo, S., et al. (2023) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2023.115116 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Haque, S., Cook, K. A., Sahay, G., & Sun, C. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13101694 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“The first study listed investigates mRNA-2752 monotherapy versus combination therapy, also with durvalumab. mRNA-2752 is an LNP encapsulating mRNAs that encode human OX40L, a T cell co-stimulator, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-23 and IL-36γ [106].”
BackgroundWalters, A. A., Santacana-Font, G., Li, J., Routabi, N., Qin, Y., Claes, N., Bals, S., Wang, J. T.-W., & Al‐Jamal, K. T. (2021) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c04456 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Nanodrugs Targeting T Cells in Tumor Therapy
Haist, M., Mailänder, V., & Bros, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.912594 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Loo, Y. S., Zahid, N. I., Madheswaran, T., & Azmi, I. D. M. (2022) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103300 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Yu, J., Kong, X., & Feng, Y. (2025) · Cancer Drug Resistance · doi:10.20517/cdr.2025.14 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Pierce, K. M., Miklavcic, W. R., Cook, K. P., Hennen, M. S., Bayles, K. W., Hollingsworth, M. A., Brooks, A. E., Pullan, J. E., & Dailey, K. M. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11113018 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lipid-based nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy
Fan, S., Han, H., Yan, Z., Lu, Y., He, B., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · Medical Review · doi:10.1515/mr-2023-0020 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In addition, several LNP products under phase I or II clinical study for cancer treatment by delivering nucleic acids also include mRNA-2752 [71], EphA2 siRNA [72], and ALN-VSP02 [73].”
BackgroundBioresponsive engineered nanoparticles for immunomodulation
Hegde, M., Mishra, A., Banerjee, R., Bintee, B., Alqahtani, M. S., Abbas, M., Shanmugam, M. K., Drum, C. L., Sethi, G., Liu, L., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04305-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…a separate phase I clinical trial, the intratumoural administration of iTu mRNA-2752, a lipid NP formulation encoding mRNAs for human OX40L (a T-cell co-stimulator), IL-23, and IL-36γ, was evaluated both as a monotherapy and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (NCT03739931) [353, 354].”
Li, M., Wang, Z., Xie, C., & Xia, X. (2022) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Application of mRNA Technology in Cancer Therapeutics
Eralp, Y. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10081262 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Preclinical studies focusing on engineered mRNA encoding IL-2 in conjunction with other immune stimulatory cytokines such as IL-7, IL-15, and IL-12 used alone or as part of a combined approach with cancer vaccines, and adoptive T cell infusions, have been shown to generate synergistic immune activity in murine models…”
BackgroundTherapeutic Vaccination in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma—A Review
Devaraja, K., Aggarwal, S., & Singh, M. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11030634 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“An interim report of this trial with 23 subjects demonstrated its safety and sustained immunomodulatory effect [72].”
BackgroundAdvancing mRNA Therapeutics: The Role and Future of Nanoparticle Delivery Systems
Li, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., & Sun, T. (2024) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00276 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
mRNA delivery technologies: Toward clinical translation
Gómez-Aguado, I., Rodríguez-Castejón, J., Beraza-Millor, M., Rodríguez‐Gascón, A., del Pozo‐Rodríguez, A., & Solinís, M. Á. (2022) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.010 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
mRNA melanoma vaccine revolution spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic
Xu, Z., & Fisher, D. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155728 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“mRNA-2752 (three cytokines OX40L/IL23/ IL36g), given intratumorally in patients with lymphoma and solid tumors including melanoma NCT03739931 I With or without durvalumab Dose-limiting toxicity (due to cytokine release syndrome) in one of thirty patients receiving 8 mg Increased IFNg and TNFa expression in both tumor…”
MethodImmunotherapeutic Agents for Intratumoral Immunotherapy
Shyr, C., Liu, L.-C., Chien, H.-S., & Huang, C. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11111717 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Qin, Y., Rouatbi, N., Wang, J. T.-W., Baker, R. S., Spicer, J. F., Walters, A. A., & Al‐Jamal, K. T. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.03.018 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Overcoming the limitations of cytokines to improve cancer therapy
Trani, C. A. D., Cirella, A., Arrizabalaga, L., Fernández-Sendin, M., Bella, Á., Aranda, F., Melero, I., & Berraondo, P. (2022) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.05.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Local administration of mRNA encoding cytokine cocktail confers potent anti-tumor immunity
Li, Z., Hu, L., Wang, Y., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Long, H., Li, Q., Luo, L., & Peng, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1455019 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nanoparticle delivery of a prodrug-activating bacterial enzyme leads to anti-tumor responses
Huayamares, S. G., Lian, L., Rab, R., Hou, Y., Radmand, A., Kim, H., Zenhausern, R., Achyut, B. R., Gilbert‐Ross, M., Lokugamage, M. P., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58548-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“If LNP IT does transfect immune cells, the delivery system could be considered for immunostimulatory mRNAapproaches 7 ,suchasthosethathavebeentestedinpatients 3,4,65 .”
Narayanan, E., Falcone, S., Elbashir, S. M., Attarwala, H. Z., Hassett, K. J., Seaman, M. S., Carfı́, A., & Himansu, S. (2022) · Antibodies · doi:10.3390/antib11040067 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In addition, an mRNA-based therapeutic encoding for OX40L, IL-23, and IL-36γ is under clinical investigation for the treatment of solid tumors [19].”
BackgroundWang, X., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Ding, G., Huang, Y., & Feng, Y. (2026) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2026.189536 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sullivan, R. J., Yeku, O., Teoh, D. K., Gupta, S., Matei, D. E., Laino, A. S., Sun, J., Zhu, L., Van, L. M., Pascarella, S., et al. (2025) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1093/oncolo/oyaf115 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMartinis, E., Ricci, C., Trevisan, C., Tomadini, G., & Tonon, S. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15071969 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A phase I study is underway to evaluate its safety, tolerability and immunogenicity and is being tested alone in patients with resected solid tumors and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable solid tumors (NCT03739931) [67].”
BackgroundCancer vaccines: Discovery, development, and challenges for clinical translation
Zhang, Z., Yao, S., Wang, Y., Luo, K., Amiji, M. M., & Anderson, K. C. (2025) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123615 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Recent Advances in mRNA-LNP Delivery Systems for Extrahepatic Organs: A Review
Bai, Y., Cui, L., Liu, T., Wang, Z., Cao, H., He, S., Qiu, J., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Shi, J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00385 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Amplifying mRNA vaccines: potential versatile magicians for oncotherapy
Hu, C., Liu, J., Cheng, F., Bai, Y., Mao, Q., Xu, M., & Liang, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1261243 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Advancing Cancer Treatment Through Nanotechnology Driven Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer
Nair, S. T., Kamalasanan, K., Sneha, S., Pavithran, K., & Harb, H. (2023) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.3c03454 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The current therapeutic cancer vaccines landscape in non‐small cell lung cancer
Chen, S., Cheng, S., Cai, J., Liu, Z., Li, H., Wang, P., Li, Y., Yang, F., Chen, K., & Qiu, M. (2024) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.35088 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Application of Nanoparticles in Tumour Targeted Drug Delivery and Vaccine
Tu, Y., Yao, Z., Yang, W., Tao, S., Li, B., Wang, Y., Su, Z., & Li, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Nanotechnology · doi:10.3389/fnano.2022.948705 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Therapeutic mRNA vaccine applications in oncology
Elliott, L. A., Foster, T. P., Castillo, P., Méndez-Gómez, H., & Sayour, E. J. (2025) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.04.044 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Advances in mRNA‐Lipid Nanoparticle Engineering for Immune Cell Targeting and Immune Modulation
Kim, C., Lee, Y., Lee, H., & Kim, B. (2025) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202501401 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Shree, T., Czerwinski, D. K., Haebe, S., Sathe, A., Grimes, S. M., Martin, B. A., Ozawa, M. G., Hoppe, R. T., Ji, H. P., & Levy, R. (2025) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-24-2770 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Novel Treatment Approaches in Recurrent/Metastatic Squamous Head and Neck Cancer
Llop, S., Jiménez-Labaig, P., Micheletto, I., Saba, N. F., & O’Leary, B. (2025) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2025.08.009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Biocompatible lipid nanovehicles for preventive and therapeutic vaccine development
Jia, Y., Zhou, Z., Jiramonai, L., Chen, J., Hua, Q., Zhu, M., Zhang, J., & Liang, X. (2025) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2025.216718 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kabut, J., Stopyra, M., Nafalska, N., Stępień, G. J., Miciak, M., Jezierzański, M. M., Furgoł, T., Feret, K., & Gisterek, I. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262210988 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This therapy has shown the activation of dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells locally and has been tested alone or combined with durvalumab in patients with solid tumors [94,95].”
Emerging Vaccine for the Treatment of Cancer via Nanotechnology
Foyez, T., Begum, Y., & Imran, A. B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35395-6_13 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Updates on intratumoral therapies in melanoma
Ma, V. T.-L., Steimle, A. K., Patel, et al. (2026) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.70400 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“75,76 Early phase studies reported on target induction of encoded proteins in injected lesions, downstream cytokine changes, manageable safety alone or with durvalumab, and preliminary anti-tumor activity in refractory tumors, including melanoma.”
Liu, Z., Xu, N., Zhao, L., Yu, J., & Zhang, P. (2021) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121078 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Protein Informatics and Vaccine Development: Cancer Case Study
Verma, S. K., Masand, N., Cheke, R. S., & Patil, V. M. (2022) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026623666221107160636 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Qiao, N., Chen, J., Liu, Y., Chen, Z. J., & Chen, S. J. (2026) · MedScience · doi:10.1007/s11684-026-1210-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cancer vaccines: translational strategies
Maeng, H. M., & Berzofsky, J. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820493-1.00033-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Preclinical, clinical, and patented nanodrug delivery systems
Ningthoujam, S. S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88450-1.00003-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Advancements in Nanoparticle Characterization
Crist, R. M., Clogston, J. D., Stern, S. T., & Dobrovolskaia, M. A. (2024) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3786-9_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Messenger RNA Nanovaccine in Cancer Immunotherapy
Li, M., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17831-3_9
Socioeconomic Paradigms Influencing the Allocation of Oncological Therapeutics: A Comparative Study
Adams, B., & Joyce, M. (2023) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v12i4.5885
Lipid nanoparticles as a tool to dissect dendritic cell maturation pathwaysPreprint
Janssens, S., Rennen, S., Bosteels, V., Nolf, C. D., Lil, K. V., Maréchal, S., Vetters, J., Velde, E. V. D., Fayazpour, F., Roelandt, R., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5461735/v1
Development Of mRNA Vaccines And Therapeutics Beyond Covid-19
Yadav, A., Dwivedi, A., & Darwhekar, G. N. (2025) · European journal of parenteral & pharmaceutical sciences · doi:10.37521/ejpps30211
- Authors
- Patel, M. R., Bauer, T. M., Jimeno, A., Wang, D., LoRusso, P., Do, K. T., Stemmer, S. M., Maurice-Dror, C., Geva, R., Zacharek, S., Laino, A. S., Sun, J., Frederick, J., Zhou, H., Randolph, W., Cohen, P. S., Meehan, R. S., & Sullivan, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, FL;
- Sarah Cannon (US)
- University of Colorado, Aurora, CO;
- Henry Ford Hospital (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Rabin Medical Center (IL)
- Medson Pharma, Petach Tikva, Israel;
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (IL)
- Moderna Tx. Inc, Cambridge, MA;
- Moderna Therapeutics (United States) (US)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Blueprint Medicines (United States) (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Oncology
- Published
- 2020-05-20
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 15_suppl
- Pages
- 3092-3092
- ISSN
- 0732-183X (ISSN-L)
- 1527-7755
- OpenAlex
- W3029730991
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11
- Type
- conference abstract
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Oncology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Moderna Tx. Inc.
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Keywords
- lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccine, OX40L, IL-23, IL-36γ, durvalumab, intratumoral injection, solid tumors, lymphoma, PD-L1 expression, tumor microenvironment, inflammatory cytokines, IL-22, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, TNF-α
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
