Validation of the Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale
Abstract
The Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS; Clance, 1985) was compared to the newly developed Perceived Fraudulence Scale (Kolligian & Sternberg, 1991). The two scales were found to have high internal consistency and to correlate in a similar manner with other measures. Further, discriminant validity evidence for the Impostor Phenomenon (IP) was provided by comparing the CIPS to measures of depression, self-esteem, social anxiety, and self-monitoring. The IP was related to, but substantially discriminable from, these constructs. Finally, construct validity evidence for the CIPS was provided through principal components analysis that yielded three stable factors: Fake, Discount, and Luck.
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In predominantly White samples, IP has been linked to more social and performance anxiety, more perfectionistic concerns about mistakes, and lower self-esteem.
“IP has been linked to numerous indices of negative psychological adjustment outcomes including increases in social and performance anxiety (Chrisman et al., 1995), perfectionistic concerns of making mistakes (Thompson et al., 2000), and lower self-esteem (Sonnak & Towell, 2001).”
From Impostor Phenomenon and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Roles of John Henryism and School Racial Composition Among Black College Students (2020) · cites this paper as Chrisman et al., 1995
The CIPS has convergent validity with other IP measures and negative adjustment indicators and divergent validity with self-esteem.
“the CIPS has been found to positively correlate with other IP measures in addition to negative adjustment indicators such as depression and social anxiety (Chrisman et al., 1995). With respect to divergent validity, the CIPS has been shown to negatively correlate with indicators of self-esteem (Chrisman et al., 1995).”
From Impostor Phenomenon and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Roles of John Henryism and School Racial Composition Among Black College Students (2020) · cites this paper as Chrisman et al., 1995
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References 18 · Cited by 395
- Authors
- Chrisman, S. M., Pieper, W. A., Clance, P. R., Holland, C. L., & Glickauf-Hughes, C.
- Affiliations
- Georgia State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality Assessment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1995-12
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 456-467
- ISSN
- 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7752
- OpenAlex
- W1983299415
- Cited by
- 395
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- impostor syndrome, Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale, scale validation, discriminant validity, construct validity, self-monitoring, self-esteem, social anxiety, depression, discounting
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