Cross-Sectional Analysis of Time-Dependent Data: Mean-Induced Association in Age-Heterogeneous Samples and an Alternative Method Based on Sequential Narrow Age-Cohort Samples
Abstract
The effect of time-related mean differences on estimates of association in cross-sectional studies has not been widely recognized in developmental and aging research. Cross-sectional studies of samples varying in age have found moderate to high levels of shared age-related variance among diverse age-related measures. These findings may be misleading because high levels of association between time-dependent processes can result simply from average population age differences and not necessarily from associations between individual "rates of aging." This is demonstrated both analytically and in a simulation involving cross-sectional sampling of individual trajectories. An alternative cross-sectional narrow age-cohort design is shown to provide a useful alternative for evaluating the interdependence of time-related processes.
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Individual differences in intraindividual change can be obscured in cross-sectional data because of contributions of other sources of variance in cognition.
“However, recent work indicates that individual differences in intraindividual change can be obscured in crosssectional data because of the contributions of other sources of variance in cognition.”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Hofer, Flaherty, & Hoffman, 2006
Variance due to age differences in aggregate mean performance and stable individual differences may be more important contributors to cross-sectional variance in cognition than individual differences in intraindividual change.
“Specifically, variance due to (a) age differences in (aggregate) mean performance and (b) stable individual differences may be more important contributors to cross-sectional variance in cognition than individual differences in intraindividual change (Hofer, Flaherty, & Hoffman, 2006; Hultsch et al., 1998; Lindenberger, von Oertzen, Ghisletta, & Hertzog, 2008).”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Hofer, Flaherty, & Hoffman, 2006
Cites
The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables
Simpson, E. H. (1951) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1951.tb00088.x · Cited by 2,301 · see citing works
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Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2008) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Education and cognitive functioning across the life span
Lövdén, M., Fratiglioni, L., Glymour, M. M., Lindenberger, U., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2020) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100620920576 · Cited by 1,224 · see citing works
Human cognitive aging: <i>Corriger la fortune?</i>
Lindenberger, U. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1254403 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hofer, S., Flaherty, B., & Hoffman, L.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Multivariate Behavioral Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-06-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 165-187
- ISSN
- 0027-3171 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998769193
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Multivariate Behavioral Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Washington
- Oregon State University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- cross-section design, time-dependent data, age heterogeneity, aging trajectories, developmental trajectories, sequential sampling, simulation study
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