The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Exam-A-Day Procedure Improves Performance in Psychology Classes
Abstract
Students in 4 classes had a short exam at the start of every class. Grades were significantly better than in previous classes where the same material was taught but with only 4 exams, and there were fewer withdrawals from the exam-a-day classes. Students taught with the exam-a-day procedure also performed better on a retention test than did students from classes taught using less frequent exams. Responses to anonymous questionnaires administered in all 4 classes indicated that most students believed having an exam every day led to more studying and better learning than in their other classes and that they liked the procedure.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These indirect benefits of frequent testing have been shown to improve performance in large lecture classes.7,8”
From Test-enhanced learning in medical education (2008) · cites this paper as [8]
Citations
Cites
Effects of Frequent Classroom Testing
Bangert‐Drowns, R. L., Kulik, J. A., & Kulik, C. C. (1991) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1991.10702818 · Cited by 320
A Behavioral Perspective on College Teaching
Michael, J. L. (1991) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392578 · Cited by 84
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Shadish W., 1997, Effect size (ES) analysis software (Version 1.0) [Computer software]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 223
Retrieval practice and spacing in an engineering mathematics classroom: Do the effects add up?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., & Hieb, J. (2017) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2017.8190463 · Cited by 10
Ghosh, P., Jacob, J., Goldman, E. F., & Manikoth, N. (2019) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-019-00883-2 · Cited by 8
Daily Online Extra Credit Quizzes and Exam Performance
Maurer, T. W. (2006) · Journal of Teaching in Marriage & Family · Cited by 8
The Science of Learning and Its Applications
McDaniel, M. A., & Wooldridge, C. L. (2012) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452244006.n6 · Cited by 7
Encouraging Students to be Readers: Survey Results of Successful Practices
Holmes, O. W., Lewis, M. E., & Hanc, J. (2012) · Journalism and mass communication · Cited by 7
Comparing Review Strategies in the Classroom
Lloyd, E. P., Walker, R. J., Metz, M. A., & Diekman, A. B. (2018) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628318762871 · Cited by 7
Can tests improve learning in real university classrooms?
Lamotte, M., Izaute, M., & Darnon, C. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2021.1956939 · Cited by 8
Becker, K., Gilbert, D., & Bezerra, P. (2023) · Journal of Political Science Education · doi:10.1080/15512169.2023.2196634 · Cited by 7
Agarwal, P. K., McDaniel, M. A., Thomas, R. C., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L., III (2011) · Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness · Cited by 7
Kim, A. S. N., & Shakory, S. (2017) · Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology · doi:10.1037/stl0000086 · Cited by 7
Achieving Testing Effects in an Authentic College Classroom
Shobe, E. R. (2021) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00986283211015669 · Cited by 7
Karataş, N. B., Özemir, O., Lovelett, J. T., Demir, B., Erkol, K., Veríssimo, J., Erçetin, G., & Ullman, M. T. (2021) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688211053525 · Cited by 20
Investigating the Effects of Testing Frequency on Programming Performance and Students' Behavior
Smith, D. H., Emeka, C., Fowler, M., West, M., & Zilles, C. B. (2023) · Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education · doi:10.1145/3545945.3569821 · Cited by 10
Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning in Multiple-list Tests with Higher-Order Skills
Zhou, A., Tiancheng, Y. A. N. G., CHENG, C., Xiaofeng, M. A., & Jing, Z. H. A. O. (2015) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2015.00928 · Cited by 6
Effects of the initial test interval and feedback timing on L2 vocabulary retention
Guo, L. (2018) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2018.1551416 · Cited by 6
Putnam, A. L., & Roediger, H. L., III (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn106 · Cited by 7
Nursing students' experiences with test-enhanced learning in teams: A cross-sectional study.
Emblemsvåg, M. S. (2024) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106188 · Cited by 6
Introducing desirable difficulty in STEM barrier courses with spaced retrieval practice
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Immekus, J. C., & Ralston, P. A. S. (2021) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie49875.2021.9637192 · Cited by 6
Kambara, H., Lin, Y.-C., & Adachi, S. (2022) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-022-09698-3 · Cited by 5
Krohn, K. R., Parker, M. R., Foster, L. N., Aspiranti, K. B., McCleary, D. F., & Williams, R. L. (2008) · The Behavior Analyst Today · doi:10.1037/h0100658 · Cited by 5
Griggs, R. A., & Collisson, B. (2013) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628312475026 · Cited by 5
An Examination of Layers of Quizzing in Two Computer Systems Courses
Norris, C. (2016) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/2839509.2844608 · Cited by 5
Bayrak, F., & Yurdugül, H. (2016) · Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi · doi:10.21031/epod.46283 · Cited by 5
Prisacari, A. A. (2015) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-4536 · Cited by 5
Aplicación práctica de técnicas docentes para Contabilidad Financiera
Varandela, J. L. B., Pereira, J. M., & Ocejo, J. L. S. (2011) · EDUCADE - Revista de Educación en Contabilidad Finanzas y Administración de Empresas · doi:10.12795/educade.2011.i02.02 · Cited by 4
Metsämuuronen, J., & Mattsson, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v3n2p89 · Cited by 5
Perceptions of Occupational Therapy Students and Faculty of Compressed Courses: A Pilot Study
Allen, M. G., & Voytek, M. (2017) · The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.15453/2168-6408.1265 · Cited by 4
Wenzel, K., & Reinhard, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693585 · Cited by 4
Apply Small Teaching Tactics in an Introductory Programming Course: Impact on Learning Performance
Jiang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Information Systems Education · doi:10.62273/vifv7767 · Cited by 4
Test-enhanced learning in a pharmacy therapeutics course
Shin, J., & Gruenberg, K. (2019) · Pharmacy Education · Cited by 4
Ennis, M. (2020) · Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching · doi:10.18844/gjflt.v10i1.4294 · Cited by 4
Messling, P. A., & Dermer, M. L. (2010) · The Behavior Analyst Today · doi:10.1037/h0100678 · Cited by 4
Effect of Repeated Testing on the Development of Secondary Language Proficiency
Metsämuuronen, J. (2013) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v3n1p10 · Cited by 5
Martin, A. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08759-7_5 · Cited by 4
Junejo, S., Fatima, M., Muhammad, A. A., Sherwani, M., Ali, S., Zehra, T., & Samad, L. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-08095-6 · Cited by 3
Retrieval practice benefits for spelling performance in fifth-grade children
da Silva, F. V., Ekuni, R., & Jaeger, A. (2023) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2023.2248420 · Cited by 3
Vyas, V. S., Nobile, L., Gardinier, J. R., & Reid, S. A. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13121235 · Cited by 3
Increase Performance and Retention
Lionelle, A., Ghosh, S., Ourada, S., & Musser, W. (2022) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3478431.3499340 · Cited by 3
Spaced Retrieval Practice in Two Fundamental Engineering Courses: Calculus and Physics
Patrick, R. J., Bego, C. R., Chastain, R. J., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., & Lyle, K. B. (2022) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie56618.2022.9962526 · Cited by 5
In Praise of the Humble Quiz: A Compendium of Research Findings
Davis, D. B. (2016) · College Teaching · doi:10.1080/87567555.2016.1232695 · Cited by 3
Enhancing Students’ Learning through Early Class Preparation
Nkhoma, C., Nkhoma, M. Z., Ulhaq, I., & Mai, S. Q. (2017) · Informing Science and IT Education Conference · doi:10.28945/3756 · Cited by 3
Instruction over Incentives: Assessing Reading Strategies for International Security Studies
Gilbert, D., Bezerra, P., & Becker, K. (2023) · International Studies Perspectives · doi:10.1093/isp/ekad012 · Cited by 3
Examining the Testing Effect Using the Dual-Process Signal Detection Model
Bies-Hernandez, N. J., Copeland, D. E., & Parks, C. M. (2013) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633262013-918 · Cited by 3
Richland, L. E., Linn, M. C., & Bjork, R. A. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9780470713181.ch21 · Cited by 3
The Learning Benefits of Mastery Quizzing Versus Other Quizzing Methods
Bates, L. E., Myers, S. J., DeLosh, E. L., & Rhodes, M. G. (2024) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/14757257241301733 · Cited by 4
Covert and overt retrieval are equally beneficial for learning a third language vocabulary
Li, J., Cao, H.-W., & Li, D. (2024) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2024.2443593 · Cited by 3
Karpicke, J. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15754-7.00074-2 · Cited by 3
Examining the Testing Effect using the Dual-Process Signal Detection Model
Bies-Hernandez, N. J. (2020) · doi:10.34917/4478198 · Cited by 2
Análisis cuantitativo de la dinámica individual de trabajos de grado de psicología
Robles, J. R., Csoban, E., & Vargas-Irwin, C. (2009) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · doi:10.14349/sumapsi2009.147 · Cited by 2
Xiaofeng, M. A., Zhou, A., Cui, D., & ZHANG, R. (2014) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.00279 · Cited by 2
Remedial Training with Learning Objects to Reduce Dyslexia in Children
Cardona, J. P., Amador, C. E. V., Dominguez, G., Muñoz, J., & Rodríguez, F. J. Á. (2019) · International Conference on Inclusive Technologies and Education (CONTIE) · doi:10.1109/contie49246.2019.00022 · Cited by 2
Improving retention by placing retrieval practice at the end of class: a naturalistic study
Ekuni, R., & Pompéia, S. (2020) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.14349/rlp.2020.v52.3 · Cited by 2
Effects of online language testing on final examination
Muranaka-Vuletich, H. (2020) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-020-10384-0 · Cited by 2
Does Two-Stage Testing Promote Long-Term Individual Learning?
Walker, J. D., & Robinson, D. H. (2022) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2022.2059750 · Cited by 2
Differential Daily Writing Conditions and Performance on Major Multiple-Choice Exams
Hautau, B., Turner, H. C., Carroll, E., Jaspers, K. E., Krohn, K., Peters, M. P., & Williams, R. L. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-006-9014-x · Cited by 2
Implementing a Mastery Model through Self Quizzing in an Online Learning Environment
Scrima, A. E. (2009) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University) · Cited by 2
Effect of Multiple-choice Testing on Memory Retention – Cue-target Symmetry
Cheng, C. K. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2
Developmental improvements in the ability to benefit from testing across middle childhood
Rodríguez-Gonzalo, S., Arnaez-Telleria, J., & Paz‐Alonso, P. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1501866 · Cited by 1
The Read-Recite-Review Study Strategy and Portable
McDaniel, M. A., Howard, D. C., & Einstein, G. O. (2009) · Cited by 1
Oglesby, R. (2013) · Digital Commons - Gardner-Webb University (Gardner–Webb University) · Cited by 1
The Socratic Note Taking Technique
Walker, M., Trafimow, D., & Bronstein, J. (2017) · Teaching Philosophy · doi:10.5840/teachphil2017101975 · Cited by 1
Undergraduate students’ emotions around a linear algebra oral practice test
Peralta, A. G. G., & Aguilar, M. S. (2023) · International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education · doi:10.29333/iejme/13007 · Cited by 1
Repenser ses pratiques d’évaluation
Béchard, N. (2023) · Apprendre et enseigner aujourd’hui Revue du Conseil pédagogique interdisciplinaire du Québec · doi:10.7202/1107544ar · Cited by 1
Fiorella, L., & Mayer, R. E. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107707085.008 · Cited by 1
Fain, R. J., Hieb, J., Ralston, P. A. S., & Lyle, K. B. (2015) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/p.23660 · Cited by 1
Constraints on Innovative Teaching in British Universities: An American Perspective
Schultz, D. M. (2019) · InSight A Journal of Scholarly Teaching · doi:10.46504/14201906sc · Cited by 1
The Effect of Retrieval Practice on Vocabulary Learning for Children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Reimer, C. K. (2019) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/z9jt-mk46 · Cited by 1
Zha, S., Moore, P. C., Browning, B. R., Fetner, J., & Ortiz, Y. L. (2019) · Action in Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/01626620.2019.1694600 · Cited by 1
Exámenes en grupo y pruebas de corrección como alternativas a la evaluación
Rebollo, M. (2021) · Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red (IN-RED) · doi:10.4995/inred2021.2021.13810 · Cited by 1
Effect of Frequent Testing on Students’ Test Anxiety at University Level
Haleem, B., & Saeed, M. (2021) · PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY · doi:10.52700/pjh.v2i2.69 · Cited by 1
Exams for the Purpose of Meaningful Learning
Remesal, A., Estrada, F. G., & Corrial, C. L. (2022) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9128-4.ch010 · Cited by 1
Testing, Testing: In-Class Testing Facilitates Transfer on Cumulative Exams
Miller, T. M., & Connot, N. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology · doi:10.1891/jcep-2021-0018 · Cited by 1
Fostering Students' Preparation and Achievement in Upper Level Math Courses
Shaqlaih, A. S., & Celik, M. (2017) · International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning · doi:10.4256/ijmtl.v18i3.33 · Cited by 1
Childhood Test Anxiety - Booster, detainer, disability, disorder
Nyroos, M. (2014) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Using repeated testing and variable encoding to promote transfer of learning
Butler, A. C. (2009) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7tq5znx · Cited by 1
Examining the Testing Effect in an Introductory Psychology Course
HOWARD, C. J. (2010) · Cited by 1
Robert Kennedy (2017). Phonology: a coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xii+364.
Turnbull, R. (2018) · Phonology · doi:10.1017/s0952675718000155 · Cited by 1
Utilidad de la Plataforma “Pruéb@te UNAM Licenciatura” para Ingresar a la Educación Superior
Mendiola, M. S., Castillo, S. P. R., Herrera, N., García-Minjares, M., & Martínez-González, A. (2021) · Revista Iberoamericana de Evaluación Educativa · doi:10.15366/riee2021.14.2.002 · Cited by 1
Does Overt memory testing lead to better learning than Covert memory testing?
Soltani, T. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e530152013-001 · Cited by 1
The provision of remedial academic support to first-year dental therapy students at Medunsa
Mokgokong, M. P. T. (2009) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa)
Sosic-Vasic, Z., & Kornmeier, J. (2011) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1628402
Inlärningseffekter av upprepade test jämfört med gruppdiskussioner
Reinikainen, P. (2012) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Leren met behulp van strategieën
Reijners, P., Liesbeth Kester, A., Wetzels, S., & Kirschner, P. A. (2012) · DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands)
Guzmán-Muñoz, F. J. (2009) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)
Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 2002
Johnson, D. E., & Schroder, S. I. (2003) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15328023top3004_09
Evaluación diagnóstica en el grado de medicina: método y motivación para el aprendizaje
Martínez, M. J. B., Sánchez, M. D. C. S., Moreno, E. C., Barrientos, M. M., Naval, M. E. C., Naval, M. O. C., Comino, M. J. Á., & Cerdá, R. D. (2013)
Article How Accurate Is Peer Grading?
Freeman, S., & Parks, J. W. (2010)
RESEARCH REPORT When and Why a Failed Test Potentiates the Effectiveness of Subsequent Study
Hays, M. J., Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2012)
En replikation av testeffekten och inlärningsbedömningars inverkan på minnesprestation
Thomasson, A.-M. (2009) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Learning from text: The effect of adjunct questions and alignment on text comprehension
Reijners, P., Liesbeth Kester, A., Wetzels, S., & Kirschner, P. A. (2012) · DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands)
Larkin, R. (2015) · JMU Scholoraly Commons (James Madison University)
Using computer-adaptive quizzing as a tool for NCLEX-RN success
Pence, J. N. (2016) · W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library Manuscript Collections
Testeffekten i skolan : Mindre fokus men bättre hågkomst
Zitek, M. (2011) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Testing Effect in a College Class.
Chang, S. H. (2013)
Αμερικάνου, Μ., Μασούρα, Ε., Παπαγεωργίου, Β., & Μoraitou, D. (2020) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.23253
Fostering Students' Preparation and Achievement in Upper Level Mathematics Courses.
Çelik, E., & Shaqlaih, A. S. (2017) · International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning
An analysis of using online testing modules in engineering economics
Rane, V. (2018) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)
Nti, D., Nanor, J. N., Baah-Yanney, O., Adjibolosoo, S. V. K., & Agbeko, I. P. (2020) · The International Journal of Physics · doi:10.12691/ijp-8-1-4
Metadata
- Authors
- Leeming, F. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Memphis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leeming, Frank C.
- Venue
- Teaching of Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 210-212
- ISSN
- 0098-6283 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-8023
- OpenAlex
- W2108499824
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Teaching of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Innovative Teaching Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Education › Evaluation of Teaching Practices
- Keywords
- psychology course, student performance, student retention, student withdrawal, student perceptions, study habits
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review