The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Procrastination in Online Courses: Performance and Attitudinal Differences
Abstract
This study investigated the relation between dilatory behaviors and performance in students whom we randomly assigned to either an online or a traditional, lecture introductory psychology class. Both sections had full access to a class Web site. There were no reliable differences between the 2 sections of the class on the measures of procrastination, exam performance, or attitudes toward the class. Yet, procrastination was negatively related with exam scores and with attitudes toward the class for the online students, but not for the lecture students. This difference may partially explain why online courses designed to increase the educational efficacy of a course often show no difference in performance when compared to lecture classes.
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Poor academic performance is generally associated with academic procrastination.
“Poor academic performance is generally associated with academic procrastination in the prior literature (Akinsola et al., 2007;Elvers et al., 2003;Moon & Illingworth, 2005;Karatas, 2015).”
From INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN DISTANCE LEARNING: INTERVENING ROLE OF ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION (2023) · cites this paper as Elvers et al., 2003
Students in distance education courses mostly accessed LMSs on the day of the exam or the day before the class.
“This finding aligns with the results of Elvers et al. (2003), who observed that students in distance education courses mostly accessed LMSs on the day of the exam or the day before the class.”
From You have a notification: the role of push notifications in shaping students’ engagement, self-regulation and academic procrastination (2025) · cites this paper as Elvers et al. (2003)
Citations
Cites
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Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x · Cited by 888 · cited 2×
“Tice and Baumeister (1997) found negative correlations between self-reported tendencies to procrastinate and grades on exams and papers.”
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Research works printed but not linked: 13
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417
Identifying significant indicators using LMS data to predict course achievement in online learning
You, J. W. (2016) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.11.003 · Cited by 388
Steel, P., Svartdal, F., Thundiyil, T., & Brothen, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00327 · Cited by 165
“The inclusion of an observed measure of procrastination is notable here as this topic is almost exclusively based on selfreports, with a few exceptions (e.g., Elvers et al., 2003).”
BackgroundCARATIQUIT, K. D., & CARATIQUIT, L. J. C. (2023) · Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.17718/tojde.1060563 · Cited by 38
“It may be worsened in a digital learning environment because students’ behavior is not expected (Elvers et al., 2003).”
BackgroundOnline teaching, procrastination and student achievement
De Paola, M., Gioia, F., & Scoppa, V. (2023) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102378 · Cited by 38
Mumcu, B. B., & Çebi, A. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00537-x · Cited by 7
“This finding aligns with the results of Elvers et al. (2003), who observed that students in distance education courses mostly accessed LMSs on the day of the exam or the day before the class.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Elvers, G. C., Polzella, D. J., & Graetz, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Dayton (US)
- Corresponding author
- Elvers, Greg C
- ORCID
- Elvers, Greg C
- Venue
- Teaching of Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-162
- ISSN
- 0098-6283 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-8023
- OpenAlex
- W2101573515
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Teaching of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Outcomes and Influences
- Keywords
- procrastination, online courses, lectures, academic performance, student attitudes, introductory psychology, course format comparison, educational efficacy
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