INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN DISTANCE LEARNING: INTERVENING ROLE OF ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION

“(Fornell & Larcker, 1981; Rasoolimanesh, 2022).”

“According to Preacher and Hayes (2008), a statistically and practically significant indirect effect is a fundamental component of mediation.”

“Additionally, PLSSEM has been a highly successful tool for establishing causal associations between variables (Hair et al., 2011; Hair et al., 2012).”

“According to a rule of thumb obtained for SEM analyses, full collinearity variance inflation factors (VIFs) of 3.3 or less suggest that the model is not multicollinear and that no common method bias exists (Kock & Lynn, 2012; Kock, 2015; Lacap, 2019).”

“Additionally, PLSSEM has been a highly successful tool for establishing causal associations between variables (Hair et al., 2011; Hair et al., 2012).”

“Partial Least Squares is the second-generation statistical analysis, allowing for correlations between a large number of variables, including latent constructs (Chin et al., 2003; Haenlein & Kaplan, 2004; Oluyinka et al., 2021).”

“According to a rule of thumb obtained for SEM analyses, full collinearity variance inflation factors (VIFs) of 3.3 or less suggest that the model is not multicollinear and that no common method bias exists (Kock & Lynn, 2012; Kock, 2015; Lacap, 2019).”

“The scale comprised six items which were proposed by Griffiths (2005) and classified into six core components, namely: salience, mood, modification, tolerance, withdrawal conflict, and relapse (e.g., “I use a lot of time thinking about or planning using social media.”).”

“The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) is a redesigned version of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) (Andreassen et al., 2012; Andreassen et al., 2016).”

“…with other measures of procrastination, the 16-item Tuckman Procrastination Scale of Tuckman (1991) and the 12-item Procrastination Assessment Scale–Students of Solomon and Rothblum (1984), and the results suggested that the shorter APS-S has a strong association with PASS and Tuckman Scale.”

“Partial Least Squares is the second-generation statistical analysis, allowing for correlations between a large number of variables, including latent constructs (Chin et al., 2003; Haenlein & Kaplan, 2004; Oluyinka et al., 2021).”

“Hence, academic procrastinators have a lower capacity for self-regulation, which has a detrimental effect on performance in online courses (Rasheed et al., 2020).”

“5 is acceptable as long as the loading of other factors within the same construct is high (Chin, 1998; Keil et al., 2000).”

“The BFAS has been translated into several languages and has been shown to have good psychometric properties in several studies (Andreassen et al., 2013; Andreassen et al., 2012; Andreassen, 2015; Ulke et al., 2017; Ahmed & Hossain, 2018; Mahmood et al., 2020).”

“Another study discovered that academic institutions might use social media to increase student involvement, enhance communication, foster a positive attitude toward learning, and inspire students to learn (Kabilan et al., 2010, Cao & Tian, 2020).”

“Yockey (2016) validated the instrument with other measures of procrastination, the 16-item Tuckman Procrastination Scale of Tuckman (1991) and the 12-item Procrastination Assessment Scale–Students of Solomon and Rothblum (1984), and the results suggested that the shorter APS-S has a strong…”

“On the other hand, some study suggests that social media addiction has no correlation with academic success (Rashid & Asghar, 2016).”

“Academic procrastination is most defined as actively delaying or deferring work that must be performed in an academic setting (Schraw et al., 2007).”

“On the other hand, prior studies mentioned that VIFs should be fewer than 5, although less than 10 is still acceptable and a more critical criterion (Hair et al., 1987; 2009; Kline, 1998; Kline, 2015; Kock, 2014).”

“The BFAS has been translated into several languages and has been shown to have good psychometric properties in several studies (Andreassen et al., 2013; Andreassen et al., 2012; Andreassen, 2015; Ulke et al., 2017; Ahmed & Hossain, 2018; Mahmood et al., 2020).”

“…to previous research, low self-efficacy, disorganization, low intrinsic motivation, inadequate effort control, and ineffective time management are all significant predictors of academic procrastination among students (Howell & Watson, 2007; Wolters et al., 2017, as cited by Melgaard et al., 2022).”

“Also, numerous research established a correlation between social media addiction and students’ academic performance (Anierobi et al., 2021, Ipem & Okwara-Kalu, 2020; Kolhar et al., 2021; Durak et al., 2022).”

“Furthermore, when academic procrastinators are learning at a distance, they are often inspired to begin but then want to quit after some time (Michinov et al.,2011).”

“Furthermore, internet addiction was connected with academic procrastination among learners (Karatas, 2015; Azizi et al., 2019; Nwosu et al., 2020).”

“It is becoming an increasing source of concern in the educational sector, especially in light of the present pandemic (Hong et al., 2021).”

“Prior studies discovered that social media addiction had an unfavorable effect on students’ academic performance and overall well-being (Alaika et al.,2020; Whelan et al., 2020; Navarro-Martinez & Pena-Acuna, 2022).”

“Additionally, it was positively associated with academic success among learners (Al-Rahmi et al., 2018).”

“, 2012; Dikmen & Bahadir, 2021; Rajapakshe, 2021) and may also affect assignment completion times and dropout rates from distance learning courses (Grunschel et al., 2012).”

“The more students procrastinate, the lower their grades are, and procrastinators have less motivation to succeed (Moon & Illingworth 2005; Steel 2007, Karatas, 2015).”

“This finding is supported by other studies (Li et al, 2020; Aalbers et al., 2021; Wartberg et al, 2021).”

“…to previous research, low self-efficacy, disorganization, low intrinsic motivation, inadequate effort control, and ineffective time management are all significant predictors of academic procrastination among students (Howell & Watson, 2007; Wolters et al., 2017, as cited by Melgaard et al., 2022).”

“Poor academic performance is generally associated with academic procrastination in the prior literature (Akinsola et al., 2007; Elvers et al., 2003; Moon & Illingworth, 2005; Karatas, 2015).”

“(Moon & Illingworth, 2005; Karatas, 2015; Azizi et al, 2019; Abbasi et al., 2021; Zimmer, 2022).”

“Crede et al. (2015) defined academic success as the intellectual accomplishment measured by the General Average (GA) reported on students’ most recent report cards.”

“Additionally, a previous study discovered that students who procrastinate are more likely to use social media during lectures, which could be a factor in problematic digital use (Rozgonjuk et al., 2018).”

“Social media addiction has been a growing issue, with a notably high prevalence among learners (Yakut & Kuru, 2020; Marengo et al., 2022).”

“Students’ self-regulation and time management skills are inferior in remote education, and they demonstrate lower levels of motivation and self-regulation than in traditional education (Klingsieck, 2013; GarciaPerez et al., 2020).”

“It may be worsened in a digital learning environment because students’ behavior is not expected (Elvers et al., 2003).”

“Social media addiction could also result in bad eating habits, insomnia, brain drain, despondency, and academic failure (Haand & Shuwang, 2020).”

“…reported that academic procrastination has been associated with poor learning outcomes and psychological difficulties (Hussain & Sultan, 2010; Klingsieck et al., 2012; Dikmen & Bahadir, 2021; Rajapakshe, 2021) and may also affect assignment completion times and dropout rates from distance…”

“Also, many studies reported that academic procrastination has been associated with poor learning outcomes and psychological difficulties (Hussain & Sultan, 2010; Klingsieck et al., 2012; Dikmen & Bahadir, 2021; Rajapakshe, 2021) and may also affect assignment completion times and dropout rates from…”

“This finding is supported by other studies (Li et al, 2020; Aalbers et al., 2021; Wartberg et al, 2021).”

“Many of these studies have been conducted on adolescent students, suggesting that academic procrastination has a detrimental effect on students’ academic progress (Goroshit, 2018; Alih & Alvarez, 2021).”

“Given that the mode of instruction provides learners with flexibility and other advantages, school dropout, low retention, educational success, and academic procrastination continue to be quite prevalent (Cerezo et al., 2017; Ucar et al., 2021; Baccal & Ormilla, 2021).”

“Prior studies also found that this can also lead to severe difficulties such as low self-esteem and depression in some cases (Kurtovic et al., 2019).”

“Other studies support this finding (Baars et al., 2021; Scheunemann et al, 2021; Khalifa, 2021).”

“Meanwhile, Hayat et al. (2020) also discovered a significant association between internet addiction and academic procrastination among Shiraz University medical students.”

“…to previous research, low self-efficacy, disorganization, low intrinsic motivation, inadequate effort control, and ineffective time management are all significant predictors of academic procrastination among students (Howell & Watson, 2007; Wolters et al., 2017, as cited by Melgaard et al., 2022).”

“Several studies have discovered that procrastination relates to discomforts such as worry, self-regulating failure, and low self-efficacy (Hen, 2018; Hailikari et al., 2021; Hajifathali et al., 2021).”

“It is a technique for developing structural equation models based on the variance that is fast gaining prominence in social sciences (Issa & Hamm, 2017).”

“Other studies are related to this finding (Uztermur, 2020; Nwosu et al, 2020; Anierobi et al., 2021; Koppenborg & Klingsieck, 2022; Kryshko et al., 2022; Cemiloglu et al., 2022).”

“Learners who procrastinate lose their educational priorities, self-regulation, and time management (Melgaard et al., 2022, Lewis, 2022; Gokalp et al., 2022).”

“According to a previous study, social media and the internet positively affect students’ learning outcomes and social well-being (Sandeep et al., 2019).”

“Pekpazar et al. (2021) discovered that procrastination functions as a mediator between social media addiction, such as Instagram, and academic accomplishment.”

“Prior studies discovered that social media addiction had an unfavorable effect on students’ academic performance and overall well-being (Alaika et al.,2020; Whelan et al., 2020; Navarro-Martinez & Pena-Acuna, 2022).”

“Furthermore, internet addiction was connected with academic procrastination among learners (Karatas, 2015; Azizi et al., 2019; Nwosu et al., 2020).”

“Also, numerous research established a correlation between social media addiction and students’ academic performance (Anierobi et al., 2021, Ipem & Okwara-Kalu, 2020; Kolhar et al., 2021; Durak et al., 2022).”

“(Moon & Illingworth, 2005; Karatas, 2015; Azizi et al, 2019; Abbasi et al., 2021; Zimmer, 2022).”

“Another study discovered that academic institutions might use social media to increase student involvement, enhance communication, foster a positive attitude toward learning, and inspire students to learn (Kabilan et al., 2010, Cao & Tian, 2020).”

“The BFAS has been translated into several languages and has been shown to have good psychometric properties in several studies (Andreassen et al., 2013; Andreassen et al., 2012; Andreassen, 2015; Ulke et al., 2017; Ahmed & Hossain, 2018; Mahmood et al., 2020).”

“Given that the mode of instruction provides learners with flexibility and other advantages, school dropout, low retention, educational success, and academic procrastination continue to be quite prevalent (Cerezo et al., 2017; Ucar et al., 2021; Baccal & Ormilla, 2021).”

“Other studies are related to this finding (Uztermur, 2020; Nwosu et al, 2020; Anierobi et al., 2021; Koppenborg & Klingsieck, 2022; Kryshko et al., 2022; Cemiloglu et al., 2022).”

“Students are given self-learning modules, take-home assignments, activities, and self-discovery exercises (Caratiquit & Pablo, 2021).”

“Given that the mode of instruction provides learners with flexibility and other advantages, school dropout, low retention, educational success, and academic procrastination continue to be quite prevalent (Cerezo et al., 2017; Ucar et al., 2021; Baccal & Ormilla, 2021).”

“The enjoyment of social media use might cause learners’ academic assignments to be delayed significantly during this new normal education, which, if not appropriately managed, can result in academic procrastination (Anierobi et al., 2021).”

“According to a rule of thumb obtained for SEM analyses, full collinearity variance inflation factors (VIFs) of 3.3 or less suggest that the model is not multicollinear and that no common method bias exists (Kock & Lynn, 2012; Kock, 2015; Lacap, 2019).”

“Academic procrastination has previously been linked to various academic concerns, including lower grades, increased academic misconduct, increased course failures, increased course withdrawals, and a greater likelihood of dropping out (Sarid et al., 2021).”

“Several studies have discovered that procrastination relates to discomforts such as worry, self-regulating failure, and low self-efficacy (Hen, 2018; Hailikari et al., 2021; Hajifathali et al., 2021).”

“The BFAS has been translated into several languages and has been shown to have good psychometric properties in several studies (Andreassen et al., 2013; Andreassen et al., 2012; Andreassen, 2015; Ulke et al., 2017; Ahmed & Hossain, 2018; Mahmood et al., 2020).”

“Other studies are related to this finding (Uztermur, 2020; Nwosu et al, 2020; Anierobi et al., 2021; Koppenborg & Klingsieck, 2022; Kryshko et al., 2022; Cemiloglu et al., 2022).”

“Prior studies discovered that social media addiction had an unfavorable effect on students’ academic performance and overall well-being (Alaika et al.,2020; Whelan et al., 2020; Navarro-Martinez & Pena-Acuna, 2022).”

“…has been associated with poor learning outcomes and psychological difficulties (Hussain & Sultan, 2010; Klingsieck et al., 2012; Dikmen & Bahadir, 2021; Rajapakshe, 2021) and may also affect assignment completion times and dropout rates from distance learning courses (Grunschel et al., 2012).”

“On the other hand, some studies oppositely reported that students’ excessive use of social media had been found to have a negative impact on a range of aspects of their lives (Brailovskaia et al., 2021).”

“Several different measures were employed to determine the model’s goodness of fit using the WarpPLS analysis (Wardhani et al., 2020).”

“The enjoyment of social media use might cause learners’ academic assignments to be delayed significantly during this new normal education, which, if not appropriately managed, can result in academic procrastination (Anierobi et al., 2021).”

“Partial Least Squares is the second-generation statistical analysis, allowing for correlations between a large number of variables, including latent constructs (Chin et al., 2003; Haenlein & Kaplan, 2004; Oluyinka et al., 2021).”

“Other studies support this finding (Baars et al., 2021; Scheunemann et al, 2021; Khalifa, 2021).”

“Social media addiction has been a growing issue, with a notably high prevalence among learners (Yakut & Kuru, 2020; Marengo et al., 2022).”

“Meanwhile, Khalifa (2021) and Uztermur (2020) found that procrastination affects the relationship between social media addiction and educational aspirations.”

“The BFAS has been translated into several languages and has been shown to have good psychometric properties in several studies (Andreassen et al., 2013; Andreassen et al., 2012; Andreassen, 2015; Ulke et al., 2017; Ahmed & Hossain, 2018; Mahmood et al., 2020).”

“Several studies have discovered that procrastination relates to discomforts such as worry, self-regulating failure, and low self-efficacy (Hen, 2018; Hailikari et al., 2021; Hajifathali et al., 2021).”

“The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) is a redesigned version of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) (Andreassen et al., 2012; Andreassen et al., 2016).”

“…procrastination has been associated with poor learning outcomes and psychological difficulties (Hussain & Sultan, 2010; Klingsieck et al., 2012; Dikmen & Bahadir, 2021; Rajapakshe, 2021) and may also affect assignment completion times and dropout rates from distance learning courses (Grunschel…”

“Learners who procrastinate lose their educational priorities, self-regulation, and time management (Melgaard et al., 2022, Lewis, 2022; Gokalp et al., 2022).”

“This finding is supported by other studies (Li et al, 2020; Aalbers et al., 2021; Wartberg et al, 2021).”

“Previous studies have suggested a possible correlation between social media addiction and academic procrastination (Liu et al., 2022; Caratiquit and Caratiquit, 2023).”

“Caratiquit and Caratiq-uit [133] reported that there is a positive and significant relationship between social media addiction and academic procrastination, which negatively affects academic achievement, and that academic procrastination fully mediates the relationship between social media…”

“In a recent study, a correlation was revealed between social media addiction and academic achievement, which was further fully mediated by learners’ academic procrastination (Caratiquit & Caratiquit, 2023).”

“Addiction to social media by students has become a widespread problem in the world of education, especially at the tertiary level [1].”

“AS_E is an important success factor for students that influences their academic decisions, actions, and achievement of certain academic goals (Caratiquit & Caratiquit, 2023; Zayed, 2024).”

“This result is consistent with several other earlier research from Nigeria [53], Turkey [54], and India [55], which demonstrate a link between poor educational outcomes and social media addiction.”

“Similar findings were obtained for the distance secondary school students (Caratiquit & Caratiquit, 2023), indicating that social media addiction is a substantial influential factor on procrastination behaviors in academic tasks.”

“Menurut Kevin D. Caratiquit menjelaskan bahwa media sosial memiliki peran yang signifikan dalam masyarakat modern (Kevin D. Caratiquit, 2023) termasuk dalam konteks partisipasi warganet dan mewujudkan keadilan serta akuntabilitas penegakan hukum di Indonesia.”

“Aşırı sosyal medya kullanımının tek olumsuzluğu zamanı boşa harcatması değil bunun yanı sıra akademik performansta azalma (Zhao, 2023; Caratiquit & Caratiquit, 2023) ve mental sağlığın gerilemesi (Draženović, Vukušić Rukavina & Machala Poplašen, 2023) gibi olumsuz durumlara neden olmasıdır.”

“It also coincides with what was found by Caratiquit and Caratiquit (2023).”

“…cause problems with mental health, depression, and academic failure (Haand & Shuwang, 2020), in addition, this finding is supported by other research (Caratiquit & Caratiquit, 2023) who found that social media addiction for students causes academic procrastination, resulting in low academic grades.”

“As some observe, the platforms are hindrance to optimal academic performance (Oberiri, 2016), others see it as invaluable facilitators (Bety & Susan, 2016; Boer et al., 2020; Caratiquit & Caratiquit, 2023; Magda & Hana, 2016).”

“Even though procrastination in software development has not been studied, academic procrastination among students has been well-researched [24], [25].”

“Similarly, Caratıquıt and Caratıquıt [ 25] found that academic procrastination mediates the relationship between social media addiction and academic achievement in distance learning contexts, emphasizing the indirect effects of social media use on students' academic outcomes.”

“Another study conducted by Caratiquit and Caratiquit [43], found that among secondary school students, higher levels of SNs addiction were strongly associated with increased academic procrastination.”

“Although factors such as internet addiction and academic stress have been discussed in the literature as related risks (Caratiquit & Caratiquit, 2023; Nwosu et al., 2020), the present study focuses specifically on social media addiction, academic procrastination, and study habits to maintain…”