Arrows in Comprehending and Producing Mechanical Diagrams
Open accessAbstract
Mechanical systems have structural organizations-parts, and their relations-and functional organizations-temporal, dynamic, and causal processes-which can be explained using text or diagrams. Two experiments illustrate the role of arrows in diagrams of mechanical systems. In Experiment 1, people described diagrams with or without arrows, interpreting diagrams without arrows as conveying structural information and diagrams with arrows as conveying functional information. In Experiment 2, people produced sketches of mechanical systems from structural or functional descriptions. People spontaneously used arrows to indicate functional processes in diagrams. Arrows can play a powerful role in augmenting structural diagrams to convey dynamic, causal, or functional information.
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Visual marks, such as rectangular bars, lines or dots, can support different inferences about data relations based on their geometric properties.
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From Illusion of Causality in Visualized Data (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
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Mayer, R. (2020) · doi:10.1017/9781316941355 · Cited by 7,777 · see citing works
When is an illustration worth ten thousand words?
Mayer, R. E., & Gallini, J. K. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.715 · Cited by 1,051 · cited 4× · see citing works
“tigations (e.g., Hegarty & Just, 1993; Kieras and Bovair, 1984; Mayer & Gallini, 1990 ).”
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Hoffman, R. R., Mueller, S. T., Klein, G., & Litman, J. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.04608 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
de Koning, B. B., Tabbers, H. K., Rikers, R. M. J. P., & Paas, F. (2009) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-009-9098-7 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Hoffman, R. R., Mueller, S. T., Klein, G., & Litman, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2023.1096257 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Illusion of Causality in Visualized Data
Xiong, C., Shapiro, J., Hullman, J., & Franconeri, S. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934399 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
- Authors
- Heiser, J., & Tversky, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heiser, Julie
- ORCID
- Tversky, Barbara
- Venue
- Cognitive Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 581-592
- ISSN
- 0364-0213 (ISSN-L)
- 1551-6709
- OpenAlex
- W2166340078
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cognitive Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Data Visualization and Analytics
- Keywords
- arrows, diagram comprehension, structural information, functional information, causal processes, dynamic processes, sketching, mechanical systems, visual communication
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