Mass media and repulsive interactions in continuous-opinion dynamics
Open accessAbstract
This letter focuses on the effect of repulsive interactions on the adoption of an external message in an opinion model. With a simple change in the rules, we modify the Deffuant et al. model to incorporate the presence of repulsive interactions. We will show that information receptiveness is optimal for an intermediate fraction of repulsive links. Using the master equation as well as Monte Carlo simulations of the message-free model, we identify the point where the system becomes optimally permeable to external influence with an order-disorder transition.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Repulsive interactions combined with homophily lead to a decrease of polarization.
“Another class of models describe polarization by introducing repulsive interactions, in which users reject opinions that differ from their own [24-26], but this mechanism combined with homophily leads to a decrease of polarization [27, 28].”
From Modeling echo chambers and polarization dynamics in social networks (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical physics of social dynamics
Castellano, C., Fortunato, S., & Loreto, V. (2009) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.81.591 · Cited by 4,119 · see citing works
Mixing beliefs among interacting agents
Deffuant, G., Neau, D., Amblard, F., & Weisbuch, G. (2000) · Advances in Complex Systems · doi:10.1142/s0219525900000078 · Cited by 2,165 · see citing works
Continuous Opinion Dynamics under Bounded Confidence: A Survey
Lorenz, J. (2007) · International Journal of Modern Physics C · doi:10.1142/s0129183107011789 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
CONTINUOUS OPINION DYNAMICS UNDER BOUNDED CONFIDENCE: A SURVEYPreprint
Lorenz, J. (2012) · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Tessone, C. J., Mirasso, C. R., Toral, R., & Gunton, J. D. (2006) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.97.194101 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationJager, W., & Amblard, F. (2005) · Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory · doi:10.1007/s10588-005-6282-2 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Bifurcations and patterns in compromise processes
Ben-Naim, E., Krapivsky, P. L., & Redner, S. (2003) · Physica D Nonlinear Phenomena · doi:10.1016/s0167-2789(03)00171-4 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Nonequilibrium transition induced by mass media in a model for social influence
González-Avella, J. C., Cosenza, M. G., & Tucci, K. (2005) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.72.065102 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Noisy continuous-opinion dynamicsPreprint
Pineda, M., Toral, R., & Hernández-garcía, E. (2009) · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to make an efficient propaganda
Carletti, T., Fanelli, D., Grolli, S., & Guarino, A. (2006) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/epl/i2005-10536-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A REJECTION MECHANISM IN 2D BOUNDED CONFIDENCE PROVIDES MORE CONFORMITY
Huet, S., Deffuant, G., & Jager, W. (2008) · Advances in Complex Systems · doi:10.1142/s0219525908001799 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Noisy continuous-opinion dynamics
Pineda, M., Toral, R., & Hernández-García, E. (2009) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/08/p08001 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationStochastic resonance in a model of opinion formation on small-world networks
Kuperman, M. N., & Zanette, D. H. (2002) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1140/epjb/e20020104 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Spontaneous ordering against an external field in non-equilibrium systems
González-Avella, J. C., Cosenza, M. G., Eguíluz, V. M., & Miguel, M. S. (2010) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/12/1/013010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Diversity-induced resonance in a model for opinion formation
Tessone, C. J., & Toral, R. (2009) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1140/epjb/e2009-00343-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationStochastic resonance in the Weidlich model of public opinion formation
Babinec, P. (1997) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/s0375-9601(96)00866-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Axelrod models of social influence with cultural repulsion
Radillo-Díaz, A., Pérez, L. A., & del Castillo‐Mussot, M. (2009) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.80.066107 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Resonance induced by repulsive interactions in a model of globally coupled bistable systems
Martins, T. V., Livina, V., Majtey, A. P., & Toral, R. (2010) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.81.041103 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationContrarian-like behavior and system size stochastic resonance in an opinion spreading model
Wio, H. S., Lama, M. S. D. L., & López, J. M. (2006) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2006.04.103 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Divide and conquer: resonance induced by competitive interactions
Martins, T. V., Toral, R., & Santos, M. A. (2008) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1140/epjb/e2008-00437-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationDivide and Conquer: resonance induced by competitive interactions
Martins, T. V. (2010) · DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Modeling echo chambers and polarization dynamics in social networks
Baumann, F., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Sokolov, I. M., & Starnini, M. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.048301 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Opinion dynamics on interacting networks: media competition and social influence
Quattrociocchi, W., Caldarelli, G., & Antonio Scala, A. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04938 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Opinion Dynamics: Models, Extensions and External Effects
Sîrbu, A., Loreto, V., Servedio, V. D. P., & Tria, F. (2017) · Understanding Complex Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25658-0_17 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Preventing extreme polarization of political attitudes
Axelrod, R., Daymude, J. J., & Forrest, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2102139118 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Kurmyshev, E. V., Juárez, H. A., & González-Silva, R. A. (2011) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2011.03.037 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mass media and heterogeneous bounds of confidence in continuous opinion dynamics
Pineda, M., & Buendía, G. M. (2014) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2014.10.089 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationEmergence of Polarized Ideological Opinions in Multidimensional Topic Spaces
Baumann, F., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Sokolov, I. M., & Starnini, M. (2021) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.11.011012 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Fu, G., Zhang, W., & Li, Z. (2014) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2014.10.045 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Jiang, B., Zhao, Y., Dong, J., & Hu, J. (2023) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2023.102173 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Qiao, T., Shan, W., Zhang, M., & Liu, C. (2019) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.016 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Han, W., Huang, C., & Yang, J. (2019) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2019.121791 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Opinion Dynamics with Disagreement and Modulated Information
Sîrbu, A., Loreto, V., Servedio, V. D. P., & Tria, F. (2013) · Journal of Statistical Physics · doi:10.1007/s10955-013-0724-x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Modelling opinion dynamics under the impact of influencer and media strategies
Helfmann, L., Conrad, N. D., Lorenz-Spreen, P., & Schütte, C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46187-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Social judgment theory based model on opinion formation, polarization and evolution
Chau, H. F., Wong, C. Y., Chow, F. K., & Fung, C. F. (2014) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2014.07.082 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effects of heterogeneous convergence rate on consensus in opinion dynamics
Huang, C., Dai, Q., Han, W., Feng, Y., Cheng, H., & Li, H. (2018) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2018.02.026 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Interplay between consensus and coherence in a model of interacting opinions
Battiston, F., Cairoli, A., Nicosia, V., Baule, A., & Latora, V. (2015) · Physica D Nonlinear Phenomena · doi:10.1016/j.physd.2015.10.013 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Interplay between media and social influence in the collective behavior of opinion dynamics
Colaiori, F., & Castellano, C. (2015) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.92.042815 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The impact of hypocrisy on opinion formation: A dynamic model
Gastner, M. T., Takács, K., Gulyás, M., Szvetelszky, Z., & Oborny, B. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218729 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Deffuant model on a ring with repelling mechanism and circular opinions
Chen, G., Cheng, H., Huang, C., Han, W., Dai, Q., Li, H., & Yang, J. (2017) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.95.042118 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
External fields, independence, and disorder in q -voter models
Civitarese, J. (2021) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.103.012303 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Symmetry breaking by heating in a continuous opinion model
Anteneodo, C., & Crokidakis, N. (2017) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.95.042308 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Huang, C., Hou, Y., & Han, W. (2023) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2023.113215 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Diversity-induced resonance in the response to social norms
Tessone, C. J., Sánchez, Á., & Schweitzer, F. (2013) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.87.022803 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Opinion Dynamics of Modified Hegselmann-Krause Model with Group-based Bounded Confidence
Fu, G., & Zhang, W. (2014) · IFAC Proceedings Volumes · doi:10.3182/20140824-6-za-1003.02770 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mass media and its impact on opinion dynamics of the nonlinear q-voter model
Muslim, R., Rinto Anugraha, N. Q. Z., & Khalif, M. A. (2023) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2023.129358 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Azhari, & Muslim, R. (2022) · International Journal of Modern Physics C · doi:10.1142/s0129183123500882 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Velásquez-Rojas, F., & Vázquez, F. (2018) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/aab1b4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Opinion dynamics with emergent collective memory: A society shaped by its own past
Boschi, G., Cammarota, C., & Kühn, R. (2020) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2020.124909 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Endogenous Changes in Public Opinion Dynamics
Medina, F. J. L. (2019) · Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation · doi:10.18564/jasss.3967 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Change agents and internal communications in organizational networks
Ioannidis, E., Varsakelis, N. C., & Antoniou, I. E. (2019) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2019.121385 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
General consensus with circular opinion under attractive and repulsive mechanisms
Gao, S., Huang, C., Han, W., & Yang, J. (2020) · International Journal of Modern Physics C · doi:10.1142/s0129183120500680 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Consensus Opinion Model in Online Social Networks Based on Influential Users
Mohammadinejad, A., Farahbakhsh, R., & Crespi, N. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2894954 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
COHESION, CONSENSUS AND EXTREME INFORMATION IN OPINION DYNAMICS
SÎRBU, A., LORETO, V., SERVEDIO, V. D. P., & TRIA, F. (2013) · Advances in Complex Systems · doi:10.1142/s0219525913500355 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Spatial opinion dynamics incorporating both positive and negative influence in small-world networks
Okada, I., Okano, N., & Ishii, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.953184 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Non-consensus states in circular opinion model with repulsive interaction
Han, W., Gao, S. D., Huang, C., & Yang, J. (2021) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2021.126428 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Influence of opinion leaders on dynamics and diffusion of network public opinion
Wei, Z., & He, M. (2013) · International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE) · doi:10.1109/icmse.2013.6586274 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
COHESION, CONSENSUS AND EXTREME INFORMATION IN OPINION DYNAMICSPreprint
Sîrbu, A., Loreto, V., Servedio, V. D. P., & Tria, F. (2016) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Opinion Dynamics Including both Trust and Distrust in Human Relation for Various Network Structure
Ishii, A., Yomura, I., & Okano, N. (2020) · Conference on Technologies and Applications of Artificial Intelligence (TAAI) · doi:10.1109/taai51410.2020.00032 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
False Beliefs in Unreliable Knowledge Networks
Ioannidis, E., Varsakelis, N. C., & Antoniou, I. E. (2016) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2016.11.070 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wang, P., Pan, F., Huo, J., & Wang, X. (2021) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-021-06597-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social network heterogeneity promotes depolarization of multidimensional correlated opinions
Ojer, J., Starnini, M., & Pastor‐Satorras, R. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.7.013207 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Clementi, N. C., Revelli, J. A., & Sibona, G. J. (2015) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.92.012816 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An Improved Model for Dynamic Opinion Updates in Online Social Networks
Sonowal, A., Idupulapati, A., Booravilli, D., Parimi, P., & Rout, R. R. (2020) · IEEE Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT) · doi:10.1109/cict51604.2020.9312115 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ioannidis, E., Varsakelis, N. C., & Antoniou, I. E. (2020) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math8122235 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhu, H., & Hu, B. (2016) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2016.11.085 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nonlinear q -voter model involving nonconformity on networks
Rinto Anugraha, N. Q. Z., Muslim, R., Hariyanto, H. L., Nugroho, F., Alam, I. S., & Khalif, M. A. (2024) · Physica D Nonlinear Phenomena · doi:10.1016/j.physd.2024.134508 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Low, N. K. Y., & Melatos, A. (2021) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2021.126722 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fardela, R., Abdullah, Z., & Muslim, R. (2024) · International Journal of Modern Physics C · doi:10.1142/s0129183124502115 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Quante, L., Stechemesser, A., Hödtke, D., & Levermann, A. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03359-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Social simulation of a divided society using opinion dynamics
Ishii, A., & Okano, N. (2020) · IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT) · doi:10.1109/wiiat50758.2020.00100 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Discerning media bias within a network of political allies and opponents: Disruption by partisans
Bu, Y., & Melatos, A. (2023) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2023.128958 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Boschi, G., Cammarota, C., & Kühn, R. (2021) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2021.125799 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pattern selection and super-patterns in the bounded confidence model
Ben-Naim, E., & Arnd Scheel, B. (2015) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/112/18002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Low, N. K. Y., & Melatos, A. (2022) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2022.127829 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Khalil, N. (2021) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2021.125902 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Relative opinion similarity leads to the emergence of large clusters in opinion formation models
Takesue, H. (2023) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2023.128876 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Iterative Persuasion-Polarization Opinion Dynamics and Its Mean-Field Analysis
Cao, F., & Reed, S. (2025) · SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1137/24m1700661 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
OPIU: Opinion Propagation in Online Social Networks Using Influential Users Impact
Mohammadinejad, A., Farahbakhsh, R., & Crespi, N. (2018) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2018.8422118 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mass Media and Its Impact on Opinion Dynamics of the Nonlinear q-Voter ModelPreprint
Muslim, R., Rinto Anugraha, N. Q. Z., & Khalif, M. A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4384780 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Opinion dynamics: Statistical physics and beyond
Starnini, M., Baumann, F., Galla, T., Garcia, D., Íñiguez, G., Karsai, M., Lorenz, J., & Sznajd-Weron, K. (2026) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/j1zg-ddqv · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hopf bifurcation in an opinion model with state-dependent delay
Qesmi, R. (2021) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111511 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Influence of media on collective debatesPreprint
Quattrociocchi, W., Caldarelli, G., & Antonio Scala, A. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1307.4292 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of Social Behaviors in the Opinion Dynamics q-Voter ModelPreprint
Muslim, R. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4522251 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Martins, T. V., & Toral, R. (2012) · Sociologia Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling heterogeneity and an open-mindedness social norm in opinion dynamics
Innes, C., Fetecau, R. C., & Wittenberg, R. W. (2017) · Networks and Heterogeneous Media · doi:10.3934/nhm.2017003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Influence of periodic external fields in multiagent models with language dynamics
Palombi, F., Ferriani, S., & Toti, S. (2017) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.96.062311 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hydrodynamic Limits for Long Range Asymmetric Processes and Probabilistic Opinion Dynamics
Shahar, D. J. (2018) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
An agent-based model of deliberation and consensus formation
Takesue, H. (2017) · The Annuals of Japanese Political Science Association · doi:10.7218/nenpouseijigaku.68.2_318
Opinions and dark energy: A mechanism of long-range repulsion in a toy opinion particle modelPreprint
Martins, A. C. R. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.12139
Horstman, J., Melatos, A., & Farokhi, F. (2025) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2025.130679
Bu, Y., Melatos, A., & Evans, R. (2025) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2025.130792
MOLENA: Analyzing the Two-Step Message Flow and Opinion Evolution Process in Social Networks
Wang, H., Li, Y., Lin, Y., & Zhao, H. V. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks · doi:10.1109/tsipn.2025.3646301
Braha, D., & de Aguiar, M. A. M. (2026) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2026.112517
- Authors
- Vaz Martins, T., Pineda, M., & Toral, R.
- Affiliations
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- ORCID
- Venue
- EPL (Europhysics Letters)
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2010-08-01
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 48003
- ISSN
- 0295-5075 (ISSN-L)
- 1286-4854
- OpenAlex
- W2075272773
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Europhysics Letters (EPL) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis
- Keywords
- opinion dynamics, repulsive interactions, media influence, Deffuant model, order-disorder transition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review