Cited by 211Ophthalmology and Eye DisordersThyroid Disorders and TreatmentsMyasthenia Gravis and Thymoma

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Endocrine Ophthalmopathy: Current Ideas Concerning Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

JACOBSON, DAVID H., GORMAN, COLUM A.·1984·Endocrine Reviews

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Abstract

ALTHOUGH the association of exophthalmos with goiter was recognized as early as the twelfth century (1), the modern focus on the constellation of hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter, and endocrine ophthalmopathy is best attributed to the work of Caleb Parry (1825) (2), Robert Graves (1835) (3), and Carl von Basedow (1840) (4). Since their early descriptions a plethora of reports have been published detailing the clinical and histologic features of endocrine ophthalmopathy and coining a variety of colorful synonyms and eponyms (5, 6). There remained, however, a number of important unanswered questions. These deal with the nature of the inciting factor, the pathogenesis of the disease, the unique and often asymmetric involvement of extraocular muscles, the relationship between the eye disease and the thyroid abnormality, and the most rational and efficacious methods of treatment. We will review the clinical, anatomic, histologic, and immunologic features of endocrine ophthalmopathy particularly as they apply to these issues.

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Authors: JACOBSON, D. H., & GORMAN, C. A.
Affiliations: Mayo Clinic (US)
Venue: Endocrine Reviews
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 1984-04
Volume: 5
Issue: 2
Pages: 200-220
ISSN: 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
1945-7189
DOI: 10.1210/edrv-5-2-200
OpenAlex: W1965113827
Cited by: 211
References: 3
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 10.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Myasthenia Gravis and Thymoma
Keywords: Graves' ophthalmopathy, endocrine ophthalmopathy, hyperthyroidism, goiter, proptosis, pathogenesis, etiology, extraocular muscles, thyroid autoimmunity, treatment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Autoimmune Diseases, Child, Graves Disease, Humans, Middle Aged, Oculomotor Muscles, Orbit, Thyroid Gland, Thyroidectomy, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Ultrasonography

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Endocrine Ophthalmopathy: Current Ideas Concerning Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

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