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Cited by 532

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 285 of the 285 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Endocrine Toxicity of Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Immune Checkpoints

Open access
Chang, Lee-Shing, Barroso-Sousa, Romualdo, Tolaney, Sara M, Hodi, F Stephen, Kaiser, Ursula B, Min, Le·2019·Endocrine Reviews
DOI 10.1210/er.2018-00006
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Abstract

Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) with inhibitory antibodies has demonstrated effective and durable antitumor activity in subgroups of patients with cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved several immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) for the treatment of a broad spectrum of malignancies. Endocrinopathies have emerged as one of the most common immune-related adverse events (irAEs) of ICPi therapy. Hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunction, insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus, and primary adrenal insufficiency have been reported as irAEs due to ICPi therapy. Hypophysitis is particularly associated with anti-CTLA-4 therapy, whereas thyroid dysfunction is particularly associated with anti-PD-1 therapy. Diabetes mellitus and primary adrenal insufficiency are rare endocrine toxicities associated with ICPi therapy but can be life-threatening if not promptly recognized and treated. Notably, combination anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 therapy is associated with the highest incidence of ICPi-related endocrinopathies. The precise mechanisms underlying these endocrine irAEs remain to be elucidated. Most ICPi-related endocrinopathies occur within 12 weeks after the initiation of ICPi therapy, but several have been reported to develop several months to years after ICPi initiation. Some ICPi-related endocrinopathies may resolve spontaneously, but others, such as central adrenal insufficiency and primary hypothyroidism, appear to be persistent in most cases. The mainstay of management of ICPi-related endocrinopathies is hormone replacement and symptom control. Further studies are needed to determine (i) whether high-dose corticosteroids in the treatment of ICPi-related endocrinopathies preserves endocrine function (especially in hypophysitis), and (ii) whether the development of ICPi-related endocrinopathies correlates with tumor response to ICPi therapy.

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Metadata

Authors
Chang, L.-S., Barroso-Sousa, R., Tolaney, S. M., Hodi, F. S., Kaiser, U. B., & Min, L.
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Publisher
The Endocrine Society
Published
2018-09-03
Volume
40
Issue
1
Pages
17-65
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
DOI
10.1210/er.2018-00006
OpenAlex
W2891536507
Cited by
532
References
285
FWCI
15.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Endocrine Toxicity of Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Immune Checkpoints. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1210/er.2018-00006
The paper
Chang, L.-S., Barroso-Sousa, R., Tolaney, S. M., Hodi, F. S., Kaiser, U. B., & Min, L. (2019). Endocrine Toxicity of Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Immune Checkpoints. Endocrine Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00006

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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.