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Mifepristone, a Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist, Produces Clinical and Metabolic Benefits in Patients with Cushing's Syndrome
Abstract
CONTEXT: Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to prolonged exposure to high cortisol concentrations. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, in endogenous CS. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a 24-wk multicenter, open-label trial after failed multimodality therapy at 14 U.S. academic medical centers and three private research centers. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included 50 adults with endogenous CS associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus/impaired glucose tolerance (C-DM) or a diagnosis of hypertension alone (C-HT). INTERVENTION: Mifepristone was administered at doses of 300-1200 mg daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We evaluated change in area under the curve for glucose on 2-h oral glucose test for C-DM and change in diastolic blood pressure from baseline to wk 24 for C-HT. RESULTS: In the C-DM cohort, an area under the curve for glucose (AUC(glucose)) response was seen in 60% of patients (P < 0.0001). Mean ± sd glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) decreased from 7.43 ± 1.52% to 6.29 ± 0.99% (P < 0.001); fasting plasma glucose decreased from 149.0 ± 75.7 mg/dl (8.3 ± 4.1 mmol/liter) to 104.7 ± 37.5 mg/dl (5.8 ± 2.1 mmol/liter, P < 0.03). In C-HT cohort, a diastolic blood pressure response was seen in 38% of patients (P < 0.05). Mean weight change was -5.7 ± 7.4% (P < 0.001) with waist circumference decrease of -6.78 ± 5.8 cm (P < 0.001) in women and -8.44 ± 5.9 cm (P < 0.001) in men. Overall, 87% (P < 0.0001) had significant improvement in clinical status. Insulin resistance, depression, cognition, and quality of life also improved. Common adverse events were fatigue, nausea, headache, low potassium, arthralgia, vomiting, edema, and endometrial thickening in women. CONCLUSIONS: Mifepristone produced significant clinical and metabolic improvement in patients with CS with an acceptable risk-benefit profile during 6 months of treatment.
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“Overt adrenal insufficiency is rare under treatment with mifepristone (326).”
From Adrenocortical carcinoma (2014) · cites this paper as [326]
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“This syndrome appears to depend on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling as it can be pharmacologically mimicked by GR antagonism (eg, with mifepristone) and alleviated by glucocorticoid reinstatement [12, 14].”
Medical Therapies of Cushing’s Disease–Part 2
Schwarz, Y., Nowak, E., Halperin, R., Shah, S., Agrawal, N., & Feelders, R. A. (2025) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2025.08.003 · Cited by 1
Medical Therapies of Cushing’s Disease–Part 1
Schwarz, Y., Nowak, E., Halperin, R., Shah, S., Agrawal, N., & Feelders, R. A. (2025) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2025.08.002 · Cited by 1
Arcos-Montoya, D., Garcia‐Lopez, P., Wegman-Ostrosky, T., Camacho‐Arroyo, I., Valdés-Rives, S. A., Bello‐Alvarez, C., Manjarrez-Marmolejo, J., Fuente, M. D. L., Ordaz-Ramos, A., Ávila‐González, D., et al. (2025) · Cancer Biology & Therapy · doi:10.1080/15384047.2025.2603095 · Cited by 1
Zbârcea, C. E., Marineci, C., Valeanu, A., Chiriţă, C., & Șeremet, O. C. (2026) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology7060108 · Cited by 2
“If the doses of insulin or SUs concomitantly used are not reduced once glucocorticoid-driven hyperglycemia improves due to the administration of mifepristone, there is a risk of hypoglycemia [296].”
Obiols, G., Biagetti, B., Oreja, A. C., & Rodríguez, J. S. (2014) · Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.endoen.2013.05.004 · Cited by 1
“As regards medical treatment, a very interesting study by Fleseriu et al.31 analyzed the effects of mifepristone on diabetes mellitus or carbohydrate intolerance and on high blood pressure in endogenous hypercortisolism.”
BackgroundMedical management of Cushing’s syndrome
Morgan, F. H., & Laufgraben, M. J. (2013) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/eem.13.3 · Cited by 1
New prospects for drug treatment in Cushing disease
Barahona, M. J., & Picó, C. D. P. (2012) · Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.endoen.2012.07.009 · Cited by 1
“The most common adverse effects were fatigue, nausea, headache, hypokalemia, joint pain, vomiting, edema, and endometrial thickening in women.(43)”
BackgroundExciting Developments in the Medical Management of Cushing’s Disease
Samson, S. L. (2015) · US Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/use.2015.11.02.95 · Cited by 1
“Mifepristone can be so effective in blocking the glucocorticoid receptor that patients can present with symptoms reminiscent of adrenal insufficiency, including nausea and vomiting, fatigue, arthralgias, and dizziness, in spite of elevated cortisol.(4) It is important that these symptoms are recognized and treated by…”
BackgroundMethodMedical Management for Pituitary Adenoma Patients
Hong, G. K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56691-7_21 · Cited by 1
Cushing’s Syndrome and Glucocorticoid Excess
Koch, C. A. (2018) · Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59918-2_28 · Cited by 1
Self-citationAre Cushing's disease patients curable?
BERTAGNA, X. Y. (2018) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2018.03.012 · Cited by 1
Recurrent Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Cervix Presenting With Ectopic Cushing’s Syndrome
Rico, J. G., Zgheib, N. B., Pramrod, S., & Olajide, O. B. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.31541 · Cited by 1
“The high serum cortisol concentrations may not be completely inactivated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in the kidney and overwhelm its ability to convert cortisol to cortisone, resulting in activation of mineralocorticoid receptors resulting in potassium loss in the distal tubules [12].”
BackgroundA Review of Pituitary Gland for General Physicians
Boutrus, T. S. (2024) · Journal of Internal Medicine and Emergency Research · doi:10.37191/mapsci-2582-7367-5(2)-076
Malcom, C. A., Guzeloglu‐Kayisli, O., Ün, B., New, E. P., Cetinkaya-Un, B., Guo, X., Mikhail, E., Imudia, A. N., Lockwood, C. J., & Kayisli, U. A. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf255
Writers, A. M. (2016) · Drugs & Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1007/s40267-016-0315-4 · Cited by 1
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Aggressive Corticotroph Pituitary Tumors
Shen, Y., & Heaney, A. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45950-9_5 · Cited by 1
Medical Therapies in Cushing’s Syndrome
Tritos, N. A., & Biller, B. M. K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45950-9_9 · Cited by 1
Self-citationEfficacy of pasireotide in controlling severe hypercortisolism until cardiac transplantation
Attanasio, R., Cortesi, L., Gianola, D., Vettori, C., Sileo, F., & Trevisan, R. (2017) · Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism Case Reports · doi:10.1530/edm-16-0140 · Cited by 1
Les nouveaux traitements médicamenteux de la maladie de Cushing
BERTAGNA, X. Y. (2017) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/s0001-4079(19)30515-1 · Cited by 1
Hyperglycemia Secondary to Nondiabetic Conditions and Therapies
Lebovitz, H. E. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00042-1 · Cited by 1
Hipercortisolismo de origen adrenal
Medina-Rivero, D., Cornejo-Domínguez, J. M., Sánchez-Toscano, E., & Roca-Rodríguez, M. M. (2020) · Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado · doi:10.1016/j.med.2020.10.011 · Cited by 1
Madhavan, A., Murali, K., Raghavendra, V., & Joshi, A. K. R. (2020) · EXCLI journal · doi:10.17179/excli2020-2814 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Fleseriu, M., Biller, B. M. K., Findling, J. W., Molitch, M. E., Schteingart, D. E., Gross, C., on behalf of the SEISMIC Study Investigators, The SEISMIC Study Investigators include, Auchus, R., Bailey, T., Biller, B. M. K., Carroll, T., Colleran, K., Fein, H., Findling, J. W., Fleseriu, M., Hamrahian, A., Katznelson, L., Kerr, J., Kipnes, M., Kirschner, L., Koch, C., Lerman, S., Lyons, T., McPhaul, M., Molitch, M. E., Schteingart, D. E., Vaughan, T. B., & Weiss, R.
- Affiliations
- Corcept Therapeutics (United States) (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- AMCR Institute (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2012-06-01
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2039-2049
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2021271765
- Semantic Scholar
- 40d98664c0987b1bdf2cbb43dbea52247bf04f70
- Cited by
- 479
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 35.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
- Keywords
- mifepristone, Cushing's syndrome, glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, glycemic control, HbA1c, insulin resistance, blood pressure, weight loss, waist circumference, adverse events, drug safety, quality of life, depression, cognitive function
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Body Weight, Cushing Syndrome, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Hormone Antagonists, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Quinolines, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Urea, Mifepristone, Glucose Intolerance
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