The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
PTSD Symptom Reduction With Mindfulness-Based Stretching and Deep Breathing Exercise: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Efficacy
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Abnormal cortisol levels are a key pathophysiological indicator of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Endogenous normalization of cortisol concentration through exercise may be associated with PTSD symptom reduction. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing exercise (MBX) normalizes cortisol levels and reduces PTSD symptom severity among individuals with subclinical features of PTSD. DESIGN AND SETTING: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-nine nurses (28 female) aged 45-66 years participated in the study. INTERVENTION: Sixty-minute MBX sessions were conducted semiweekly for 8 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum cortisol was measured, and the PTSD Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C) was performed at baseline and weeks 4, 8, and 16. RESULTS: Twenty-nine participants completed the study procedures, 22 (79%) with PTSD symptoms (MBX, n = 11; control, n = 11), and 7 (21%) without PTSD (BASE group). Eight-week outcomes for the MBX group were superior to those for the control group (mean difference for PCL-C scores, -13.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], -25.6, -1.6; P = .01; mean difference for serum cortisol, 5.8; 95% CI, 0.83, 10.8; P = .01). No significant differences were identified between groups in any other items. The changes in the MBX group were maintained at the 16-week follow-up (P = .85 for PCL-C; P = .21 for cortisol). Our data show that improved PTSD scores were associated with normalization of cortisol levels (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that MBX appears to reduce the prevalence of PTSD-like symptoms in individuals exhibiting subclinical features of PTSD.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The effect persists even until 16 weeks post-intervention.”
From Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for Chinese adults with PTSD symptoms: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Another study by Kim et al. conducted on 28 nurses found that a 60-minute semi-weekly mindfulness stretching could significantly reduce PTSD symptoms, compared to an exercise control group [47].”
From Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for Chinese adults with PTSD symptoms: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [47]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 · Cited by 7,541
Sapolsky, R. M. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.21.1.55 · Cited by 7,533
Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL)
Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2 · Cited by 3,997
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00573-7 · Cited by 3,958
Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701598298 · Cited by 3,654
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2003) · Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2003.tb04008.x · Cited by 1,394
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Yehuda, R. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra012941 · Cited by 1,134
Emotion Modulation in PTSD: Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence for a Dissociative Subtype
Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168 · Cited by 1,123 · cited 2×
“Further analyses show that MBX had comparable effects on all 3 symptom subtypes, resulting in improvement of both clinically and neurobiologically opposing symptom characteristics: undermodulated emotional dysregulation (re-experiencing and hyperarousal symptoms) and overmodulated emotional dysregulation (avoidance an…”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–135 of 135
Silva, L. D. D., Roubille, L., & Coq, J.-M. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100538 · Cited by 2
Sohrabi, F., & yousefi, F. (2021) · Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences · doi:10.52547/sjku.26.2.103 · Cited by 2
Advances in Exercise in the Clinical Trials of Migraine: A Scoping Review
Ha, W., & Chu, M. K. (2024) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-024-01269-9 · Cited by 3
Omasu, F., Hotta, Y., Watanabe, M., & Yoshioka, T. (2018) · Open Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojpm.2018.84009 · Cited by 2
Estresse ocupacional na enfermagem e mindfulness: o que há de novo?
Barreto, V. P. D. C., Ferreira, S. C. M., & Correia, D. M. D. S. (2019) · Revista Enfermagem Atual In Derme · doi:10.31011/reaid-2017-v.80-n.18-art.346 · Cited by 4
Ziemann, K. (2019) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 2
Alkasaby, M. A., Philip, S., Douba, Z., Tu, H., Eaton, J., Mohammed, M., Essar, M. Y., Kamal, M. A., Riaz, M. M. A., Moussallem, M., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.23293219 · Cited by 2
Sun, Q., Jing, K.-Y., Xu, X., Gao, B., Tan, Y., Yan, X.-F., Wu, L.-K., Ji, Z., Mu, H., & Zhao, M. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06933-x · Cited by 1
Incorporating Complementary and Alternative Practices into Treatment of PTSD
Scarlet, J., & Lang, A. J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_35-1 · Cited by 1
Strengthening Health and Improving Emotional Defenses (SHIELD)
Elkin-Frankston, S., Wollocko, A., & Niehaus, J. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91467-1_5 · Cited by 1
Johnson, A., Weeks, M., Loewen, B., Byrd, M. M., & Ryan, G. A. (2020) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000591 · Cited by 1
Does evidence support the high expectations placed in precision medicine? A bibliographic review
Cortés, J., González, J. A., Medina, M. N., Vogler, M., Vilaró, M., Elmore, M., Senn, S. J., Campbell, M. J., & Cobo, E. (2018) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.13490.2 · Cited by 1
Bettes, G., Saffaran, P., Walker, W., Bennett, S., Beaudette, K., Reitav, J., & Thirlwell, C. (2022) · Integrative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/ict.2022.29042.gbe · Cited by 1
Aye, A. L., Win, H. H., Thandar, M., & Oo, S. M. (2024) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20241806
Vogler, M. (2015) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Mindfulness, self-compassion and post-traumatic stress disorder
Banks, K. (2016) · ERA
Creighton, J. R. (2014) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Si, M., Xiao, W., Pan, C., Wang, H., Huang, Y., Lian, J., Mak, W. W. S., Leng, Z., Tang, Q., Su, X., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-118300/v1
Kroumova, E. B. (2002) · Hispana
Mindfulness Interventions for ADHD
Miller, C. J. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41709-2_25
Andersen, S., Andersen, H. S., Ahrensberg, H., Lazar, I., Tjørnhøj‐Thomsen, T., & Ahlmark, N. (2024) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.52
Supporting First Responder and Veteran Men
Foley, J., & Ward, R. (2024) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1459-3.ch007
The Role of Diet in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Murray, S. L., & Holton, K. F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32035-4_142-1
Developing the HERO Within: Increasing Police Officer Psychological Capital to Mitigate Stress
Murray, E. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83608-120-320251014
Deep Breathing Assignment for Self-Care: Undergraduate Social Work Field Placement Students
Park, T. K., Stuehm, N., & Cavill, L. A. (2024) · Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work · doi:10.1891/jbsw-20200804-41r
The Role of Diet in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Murray, S. L., & Holton, K. F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73368-0_142
Sun, L., Sun, X., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1748747
Wang, H., Chen, S., Gou, W., Huang, J., & Han, X. (2026) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2026.103400
Interventions for reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among nurses: A systematic review
Park, J., Park, G., Lee, S., & Lee, H. (2026) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2026.102906
Eun, H.-B., & Yoo, S. K. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14193166
Incorporating Complementary and Alternative Practices into Treatment of PTSD
Scarlet, J., & Lang, A. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_35
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, S. H., Schneider, S. M., Bevans, M., Kravitz, L., Mermier, C., Qualls, C., & Burge, M. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Clinical and Translational Science Center (C.Q., M.R.B.),Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Sang Hwan
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2013-07-01
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2984-2992
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC3701284
- OpenAlex
- W2088952894
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 9.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000041, 5kl2rr031976-02, UL1TR001449)
- National Center for Research Resources (5KL2RR031976-02, HHS/NIH/NCATS UL1RR031977-01, KL2-RR031976, UL1RR031977)
- NIH Clinical Center
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, deep breathing exercises, cortisol, exercise therapy, PTSD symptom reduction, subclinical PTSD, nurses, PTSD Checklist-Civilian
- MeSH terms
- Academic Medical Centers, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Aged, Breathing Exercises, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Neurosecretory Systems, New Mexico, Nurses, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychophysiology, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Down-Regulation, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Muscle Stretching Exercises
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
