Effects of Lifestyle Intervention in Pregnancy and Anthropometrics at Birth on Offspring Metabolic Profile at 2.8 Years: Results from the Lifestyle in Pregnancy and Offspring (LiPO) Study
Abstract
CONTEXT: Maternal obesity and gestational weight gain are linked to offspring adverse metabolic profiles, and lifestyle interventions during pregnancy in obese women may have long-term positive effects on their children. Furthermore, although the association between birth weight and later metabolic outcomes is well established, little is known about the predictive value of abdominal circumference at birth. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the effects of lifestyle interventions during pregnancy in obese women on offspring metabolic risk factors and (2) predictive values of birth weight (BW) and birth abdominal circumference (BAC). DESIGN: This was a follow-up of a randomized controlled trial, the Lifestyle in Pregnancy (LiP) study. SETTING: The study was conducted in Odense and Aarhus University Hospitals, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: We studied the offspring of LiP study participants (n = 157) and offspring of normal-weight mothers (external reference group, n = 97). INTERVENTION: INTERVENTIONs included dietary advice, coaching, and exercise during pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures were body mass index (BMI) Z-score, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose, insulin, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides at the age of 2.8 years. RESULTS: No differences were detected in BMI Z-scores or metabolic risk factors between the LiP intervention and control groups or between the LiP and external reference groups. BAC and BW were associated (all P < .05) with BMI Z-score (0.19-0.23), abdominal circumference (0.57-0.70), plasma glucose (0.11-0.09), insulin (4.33-3.13), and triglycerides (0.07-0.07) but not with blood pressure or high-density lipoprotein (regression coefficients per increase in BAC and BW of 1 SD score). CONCLUSIONS: Early childhood metabolic risk factors were unaffected by lifestyle interventions in obese pregnant women. Offspring of obese mothers who participated in the LiP study were comparable to offspring of normal-weight mothers, possibly indicating a general beneficial effect of trial participation. BAC and BW were both associated with later metabolic risk factors.
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The lack of long-term improvement in offspring metabolic outcomes suggests that interventions limited to pregnancy may be insufficient to counteract the epigenetic and metabolic consequences of maternal obesity.
“Overall, the lack of long-term improvement in offspring metabolic outcomes suggests that interventions limited to pregnancy may be insufficient to counteract the epigenetic and metabolic consequences of maternal obesity.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [180]
In Tanvig et al., other metabolic markers including BMI, fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were not affected.
“Other metabolic markers, including BMI, fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid profile, were not affected [180].”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [180]
In Tanvig et al., despite improved maternal lifestyle during gestation, no significant benefits were observed in offspring, with only a modest increase in abdominal circumference compared to controls.
“Despite improved maternal lifestyle during gestation (LiPi group), no significant benefits were observed in the offspring, with only a modest increase in abdominal circumference compared to controls.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [180]
Maternal BMI before pregnancy is a stronger determinant of offspring metabolic risk than gestational lifestyle changes alone.
“Instead, both studies underscore the critical importance of preconception health optimization, emphasizing that maternal BMI before pregnancy is a stronger determinant of offspring metabolic risk than gestational lifestyle changes alone [180,181].”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [180]
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Maternal obesity during pregnancy and cardiovascular development and disease in the offspring
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Diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus
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- Authors
- Tanvig, M., Vinter, C. A., Jørgensen, J. S., Wehberg, S., Ovesen, P. G., Beck-Nielsen, H., Christesen, H. T., & Jensen, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- Odense University Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Tanvig, Mette
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 175-183
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2126184753
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 9.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Odense Universitetshospital
- A.P. Møller og Hustru Chastine Mc-Kinney Møllers Fond til almene Formaal
- Lægeforeningen
- Familien Hede Nielsens Fond
- Fonden til Lægevidenskabens Fremme
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- maternal obesity, gestational weight gain, birth weight, childhood obesity, insulin, plasma glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, dietary recommendations, exercise during pregnancy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Birth Weight, Blood Pressure, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Promotion, Humans, Life Style, Male, Obesity, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index, Metabolome
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